Authors’ contributions
-The conception or design of the work: MHS,ARO,EF
-The acquisition, analysis: NG, EF
OR interpretation of data:EF,NG
Drafted the work or substantively revised: EF, AHK, SH, MHS,
All authors have read and approved the manuscript
Reference:
1. Hernández B, Reilly RB, Kenny RA.
Investigation of multimorbidity and prevalent disease combinations in
older Irish adults using network analysis and association rules.Scientific Report. 2019;9(1):1-12.
2. Violan C, Foguet-Boreu Q,
Flores-Mateo G, et al. Prevalence, determinants and patterns of
multimorbidity in primary care: a systematic review of observational
studies. PloS One. 2014;9(7):e102149.
3. Licher S, Heshmatollah A, van der
Willik KD, et al. Lifetime risk and multimorbidity of non-communicable
diseases and disease-free life expectancy in the general population: a
population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2019;16(2):e1002741.
4. Timmermans EJ, Hoogendijk EO,
Broese van Groenou MI, et al. Trends across 20 years in multiple
indicators of functioning among older adults in the Netherlands.Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(6):1096-1102.
5. Jani BD, Hanlon P, Nicholl BI, et
al. Relationship between multimorbidity, demographic factors and
mortality: findings from the UK Biobank cohort. BMC Med.2019;17(1):74.
6. Volaklis KA, Thorand B, Peters A,
et al. Physical activity, muscular strength, and polypharmacy among
older multimorbid persons: Results from the KORA‐Age study. Scand
J Med Scien Sport. 2018;28(2):604-612.
7. Villén N, Guisado-Clavero M,
Fernández-Bertolín S, et al. Multimorbidity patterns, polypharmacy and
their association with liver and kidney abnormalities in people over 65
years of age: a longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr 2020;20(1):1-13.
8. Yu T, Ter Riet G, Puhan MA, Frei A.
Physical activity and risk of comorbidities in patients with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study. NPJ Primary Care
Respirat Med. 2017;27(1):1-6.
9. Marques A, Santos DA, Peralta M,
Sardinha LB, Valeiro MG. Regular physical activity eliminates the
harmful association of television watching with multimorbidity. A
cross-sectional study from the European Social Survey. Prev Med.2018;109:28-33.
10. Wang S, Li B, Wu Y, et al.
Relationship of sleep duration with sociodemographic characteristics,
lifestyle, mental health, and chronic diseases in a large Chinese adult
population. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(3):377-384.
11. Griffith LE, Gilsing A, Mangin D,
et al. Multimorbidity Frameworks Impact Prevalence and Relationships
with Patient‐Important Outcomes. J Am Geriatr Society.2019;67(8):1632-1640.
12. Blümel JE, Carrillo-Larco RM,
Vallejo MS, Chedraui P. Multimorbidity in a cohort of middle-aged women:
Risk factors and disease clustering. Maturitas. 2020.
13. Eyowas FA, Schneider M, Yirdaw
BA, Getahun FA. Multimorbidity of chronic non-communicable diseases and
its models of care in low-and middle-income countries: a scoping review
protocol. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10):e033320.
14. Poustchi H, Eghtesad S, Kamangar
F, et al. Prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (the
PERSIAN Cohort Study): rationale, objectives, and design. Am J
Epidemiol 2018;187(4):647-655.
15. Farhang S, Faramarzi E, Amini
Sani N, et al. Cohort Profile: The AZAR cohort, a health-oriented
research model in areas of major environmental change in Central Asia.Inter J Epidemiol. 2019;48(2):382-382h.
16. Medeiros RA. Including Auxiliary
Variables in Models with Missing Data Using Full Information Maximum
Likelihood. Paper presented at: 2013 Stata Conference2013.
17. Kline RB. Principles And
Practice Of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford publications; 2015.
18. Ahmadi B, Alimohammadian M,
Yaseri M, et al. Multimorbidity: epidemiology and risk factors in the
Golestan cohort study, Iran: a cross-sectional analysis. Med.2016;95(7).
19. Ebrahimoghli R, Janati A,
Sadeghi‐Bazargani H, et al. Epidemiology of multimorbidity in Iran: An
investigation of a large pharmacy claims database.Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety. 2020;29(1):39-47.
20. Aminisani N, Rastgou L,
Shamshirgaran SM, Sarbakhsh P, Ghaderi S, Hyde M. Predictors of
multimorbidity among the Kurdish population living in the Northwest of
Iran. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1-8.
21. Aoki T, Yamamoto Y, Ikenoue T,
Onishi Y, Fukuhara S. Multimorbidity patterns in relation to
polypharmacy and dosage frequency: a nationwide, cross-sectional study
in a Japanese population. Scientific Report. 2018;8(1):1-8.
22. Christofoletti M, Duca GFD,
Umpierre D, Malta DC. Chronic noncommunicable diseases multimorbidity
and its association with physical activity and television time in a
representative Brazilian population. Cadernos De Saude Publica.2019;35:e00016319.
23. Ioakeim-Skoufa I, Poblador-Plou
B, Carmona-Pírez J, et al. Multimorbidity Patterns in the General
Population: Results from the EpiChron Cohort Study. Inter J
Environmental Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):4242.
24. Read JR, Sharpe L, Modini M, Dear
BF. Multimorbidity and depression: A systematic review and
meta-analysis. J Affective Disorder. 2017;221:36-46.
25. Katon WJ. Epidemiology and
treatment of depression in patients with chronic medical illness.Dialogues Clin Neuroscien. 2011;13(1):7.
26. Katon WJ. Clinical and health
services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms,
and general medical illness. Biol Psychiatr 2003;54(3):216-226.
27. Bair MJ, Robinson RL, Katon W,
Kroenke K. Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review.Arch Inter Med 2003;163(20):2433-2445.
28. Ziarko M, Mojs E, Piasecki B,
Samborski W. The mediating role of dysfunctional coping in the
relationship between beliefs about the disease and the level of
depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scientific World
J. 2014;2014.
29. Alexopoulos GS, Raue PJ, Sirey
JA, Arean PA. Developing an intervention for depressed, chronically
medically ill elders: a model from COPD. Inter J
GeriatriPsychiat. 2008;23(5):447-453.
30. Penninx BW. Depression and
cardiovascular disease: epidemiological evidence on their linking
mechanisms. Neuroscien BiobehaviorRev. 2017;74:277-286.
31. Boutayeb A, Boutayeb S, Boutayeb
W. Multi-morbidity of non communicable diseases and equity in WHO
Eastern Mediterranean countries. Inter J Equity Health.2013;12(1):1-13.
32. Excoffier S, Herzig L, N’Goran
AA, Déruaz-Luyet A, Haller DM. Prevalence of multimorbidity in general
practice: a cross-sectional study within the Swiss Sentinel Surveillance
System (Sentinella). BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e019616.
33. Nicholson K, Rodrigues R,
Anderson KK, Wilk P, Guaiana G, Stranges S. Sleep behaviours and
multimorbidity occurrence in middle-aged and older adults: findings from
the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Sleep Med.2020;75:156-162.
34. Johnson-Lawrence V, Zajacova A,
Sneed R. Education, race/ethnicity, and multimorbidity among adults aged
30–64 in the National Health Interview Survey. SSM - Population
Health. 2017;3:366-372.
35. Ross CE, Wu C-l. The links
between education and health. Am Sociological Rev. 1995:719-745.
36. Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M,
Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and
implications for health care, research, and medical education: a
cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2012;380(9836):37-43.
37. Islami F, Pourshams A, Vedanthan
R, et al. Smoking water-pipe, chewing nass and prevalence of heart
disease: a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Golestan
Cohort Study, Iran. Heart. 2013;99(4):272-278.
38. Chung RY, Mercer S, Lai FT, Yip
BH, Wong MC, Wong SY. Socioeconomic determinants of multimorbidity: a
population-based household survey of Hong Kong Chinese. PLoS One.2015;10(10):e0140040.
39. Ruiz-Castell M, Makovski TT,
Bocquet V, Stranges S. Sleep duration and multimorbidity in Luxembourg:
results from the European Health Examination Survey in Luxembourg,
2013–2015. BMJ Open. 2019;9(8):e026942.
40. He Q, Sun H, Wu X, et al. Sleep
duration and risk of stroke: a dose–response meta-analysis of
prospective cohort studies. Sleep Med. 2017;32:66-74.
41. Kumari M, Badrick E, Ferrie J,
Perski A, Marmot M, Chandola T. Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Sleep
Disturbance Are Independently Associated with Cortisol Secretion in the
Whitehall II Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism.2009;94(12):4801-4809.
42. Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW,
Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK. Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces
insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabete.2010;59(9):2126-2133.
43. Gangwisch J. Epidemiological
evidence for the links between sleep, circadian rhythms and metabolism.Obesity Rev. 2009;10:37-45.
44. Ryan A, Murphy C, Boland F,
Galvin R, Smith SM. What Is the Impact of Physical Activity and Physical
Function on the Development of Multimorbidity in Older Adults Over Time?
A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Gerontol Series A Biol Scien
Med Scien. 2018;73(11):1538-1544.