Figure Legends
Figure 1. Field scenario at the maize seedling stage in the Mollisols of Northeast China.
Figure 2 . Experimental plots, status, and rainfall setup.
Figure 3 . Rainfall intensity calibration and small splash-cup positions. (a) Rainfall intensity calibration performed every time before rainfall experiment. (b) Positions for small splash-cups in plots with vertical ridges. (c) Positions for small splash-cups in plots with horizontal ridges.
Figure 4 . Runoff amount under different tillage measures. Control (CK), flat-planting without ridges and mulching; Hr, horizontal ridging without mulching; Vr, vertical ridging without mulching; Cm, flat-planting and mulching without ridges; Hr+Cm, horizontal ridging with mulching; Vr+Cm, vertical ridging with mulching. The vertical error bars indicate LSD at P <0.05. Note: The asterisk (*) indicates ridge rupture.
Figure 5 . Soil loss amount under different tillage measures. Control (CK), flat-planting without ridges and mulching; Hr, horizontal ridging without mulching; Vr, vertical ridging without mulching; Cm, cornstalk mulching; Hr+Cm, horizontal ridging with mulching; Vr+Cm, vertical ridging with mulching. The vertical error bars indicate LSD atP <0.05. Note: The asterisk (*) indicates ridge rupture.
Figure 6 . Runoff rate under different tillage measures. Control (CK), flat-planting without ridges and mulching; Hr, horizontal ridging without mulching; Vr, vertical ridging without mulching; Cm, cornstalk mulching; Hr+Cm, horizontal ridging with mulching; Vr+Cm, vertical ridging with mulching.
Figure 7 . Soil loss rate under different tillage measures. Control (CK), flat-planting without ridges and mulching; Hr, horizontal ridging without mulching; Vr, vertical ridging without mulching; Cm, cornstalk mulching; Hr+Cm, horizontal ridging with mulching; Vr+Cm, vertical ridging with mulching.
Figure 8 . Correlation between soil loss and influencing factors (a), correlation of soil loss amount and soil splash-detachment; (b), correlation of soil loss amount and splash-transport amount; (c), correlation of soil loss amount and runoff loss amount; d. correlation of soil loss amount and runoff velocity. Note: Correlations between total soil loss amount and four inferred influencing factors; The symbol indicates ridge rupture during the rainfall experiment.
Table 1. Effect of canopy on kinetic energy