Surface runoff
The conservation tillage measures of Cm, Hr, and Hr+Cm significantly
reduced the runoff amount compared to CK under the two rainfall
intensities at the maize seedling stage (Figure 4). Compared to CK, the
Cm and Hr treatments reduced the runoff amount by 70.46% and 87.76%,
respectively, at 50 mm h-1 and by 44.78% and 58.85%,
respectively, at 100 mm h-1, respectively. The Hr+Cm
treatment entirely prevented runoff generation at 50 mm
h-1 and was still effective at 100 mm
h-1, restricting the total runoff amount to a very low
level of 20.79 L, accounting for only 16.61% of CK, and even causing
ridge rupture. The Vr+Cm treatment significantly decreased the runoff
amount by 54.61% compared to CK at 50 mm h-1, but
there was no difference at 100 mm h-1. Conversely, Vr
significantly enhanced the runoff amount by 25.04% compared to CK at 50
mm h-1, but there was no difference at 100 mm
h-1.