Soil splash-erosion
Standard Morgan field splash cups (Morgan, 1978) were used to measure the amount of soil splash transport. The soil splash detachment, potentially more related to soil erodibility, was measured by using specially designed aluminum cylindrical splash cups with 3 cm depth, 6 cm diameter, and a multihole bottom. The undisturbed soil was cut and packed into the cups and weighed immediately after drying at 45 ℃. The soil cups were allowed to absorb moisture at room temperature for 24 h. Three Morgan cups were arranged into each plot on the top-, mid-, and lower-slopes (at a distance of 2, 5, and 7 m from top, respectively), together with the small cups according to the position shown in Figure 3 (b, c). Rainfall was applied for 15 min to allow splash-erosion to occur. The soil was again weighed immediately after drying, and the splash transport and detachment amounts were measured.