Acknowledgment
This research was supported by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) through the financial agreement number 97015120. The authors would like to thank Dr. Reza Faraji_Dana for his support. This research was performed in his Bioelectromagnetic laboratory at Tehran University.
References
[1] H. D. Taylor, J. R. Haskins, and K. A. Giuliano, High content screening: A powerful approach to systems cell biology and drug discovery totowa . 2007.
[2] J. T. Elliott, M. Halter, A. L. Plant, J. T. Woodward, K. J. Langenbach, and A. Tona, “Evaluating the performance of fibrillar collagen films formed at polystyrene surfaces as cell culture substrates,” Biointerphases , vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 19–28, 2008.
[3] J. T. Elliott, A. Tona, J. T. Woodward, P. L. Jones, and A. L. Plant, “Thin films of collagen affect smooth muscle cell morphology,”Langmuir , vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1506–1514, 2003.
[4] J. T. Elliott, J. T. Woodward, K. J. Langenbach, A. Tona, P. L. Jones, and A. L. Plant, “Vascular smooth muscle cell response on thin films of collagen,” Matrix Biol. , vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 489–502, 2005.
[5] J. T. Elliott, J. T. Woodward, A. Umarji, Y. Mei, and A. Tona, “The effect of surface chemistry on the formation of thin films of native fibrillar collagen,” Biomaterials , vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 576–585, 2007.
[6] K. J. Langenbach, J. T. Elliott, A. Tona, D. McDaniel, and A. L. Plant, “Thin films of Type 1 collagen for cell by cell analysis of morphology and tenascin-C promoter activity,” BMC Biotechnol. , vol. 6, no. 1, p. 14, 2006.
[7] F. Amyot et al. , “Thin films of oriented collagen fibrils for cell motility studies,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. An Off. J. Soc. Biomater. Japanese Soc. Biomater. Aust. Soc. Biomater. Korean Soc. Biomater. , vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 438–443, 2008.
[8] D. P. McDaniel et al. , “The stiffness of collagen fibrils influences vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype,”Biophys. J. , vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 1759–1769, 2007.
[9] N. L. Nerurkar, D. M. Elliott, and R. L. Mauck, “Mechanics of oriented electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering,” J. Orthop. Res. , vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1018–1028, 2007.
[10] A. Stylianou and D. Yova, “Surface nanoscale imaging of collagen thin films by Atomic Force Microscopy,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C , vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 2947–2957, 2013.
[11] A. Stylianou, D. Yova, and E. Alexandratou, “Investigation of the influence of UV irradiation on collagen thin films by AFM imaging,”Mater. Sci. Eng. C , vol. 45, pp. 455–468, 2014.
[12] C. S. Chen, E. Ostuni, G. M. Whitesides, and D. E. Ingber, “Using Self-Assembled Monolayers to Pattern ECM Proteins and Cells on Subtrates,” in Extracellular Matrix Protocols , Springer, 2000, pp. 209–219.
[13] G. Linz, S. Djeljadini, L. Steinbeck, G. Köse, F. Kiessling, and M. Wessling, “Cell barrier characterization in transwell inserts by electrical impedance spectroscopy,” Biosens. Bioelectron. , p. 112345, 2020.
[14] K. Heileman, J. Daoud, and M. Tabrizian, “Dielectric spectroscopy as a viable biosensing tool for cell and tissue characterization and analysis,” Biosens. Bioelectron. , vol. 49, pp. 348–359, 2013.
[15] F. M. Spiga et al. , “Hybridization chain reaction performed on a metal surface as a means of signal amplification in SPR and electrochemical biosensors,” Biosens. Bioelectron. , vol. 54, pp. 102–108, 2014.
[16] I. O. K’Owino and O. A. Sadik, “Impedance spectroscopy: a powerful tool for rapid biomolecular screening and cell culture monitoring,” Electroanal. An Int. J. Devoted to Fundam. Pract. Asp. Electroanal. , vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 2101–2113, 2005.
[17] T. Sun and H. Morgan, “Single-cell microfluidic impedance cytometry: a review,” Microfluid. Nanofluidics , vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 423–443, 2010.
[18] I. Giaever and C. R. Keese, “A morphological biosensor for mammalian cells.,” Nature , vol. 366, no. 6455, pp. 591–592, 1993.
[19] T. Anh-Nguyen, B. Tiberius, U. Pliquett, and G. A. Urban, “An impedance biosensor for monitoring cancer cell attachment, spreading and drug-induced apoptosis,” Sensors Actuators A Phys. , vol. 241, pp. 231–237, 2016.
[20] J. Wegener, C. R. Keese, and I. Giaever, “Electric cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) as a noninvasive means to monitor the kinetics of cell spreading to artificial surfaces,”Exp. Cell Res. , vol. 259, no. 1, pp. 158–166, 2000.
[21] P. Mitra, C. R. Keese, and I. Giaever, “Electric measurements can be used to monitor the attachment and spreading of cells in tissue culture.,” Biotechniques , vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 504–510, 1991.
[22] F. Asphahani et al. , “Influence of cell adhesion and spreading on impedance characteristics of cell-based sensors,”Biosens. Bioelectron. , vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 1307–1313, 2008.
[23] H. Abiri et al. , “Monitoring the spreading stage of lung cells by silicon nanowire electrical cell impedance sensor for cancer detection purposes,” Biosens. Bioelectron. , vol. 68, pp. 577–585, 2015.
[24] I. Giaever and C. R. Keese, “Micromotion of mammalian cells measured electrically,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol. 88, no. 17, pp. 7896–7900, 1991.
[25] L. Ghenim et al. , “Monitoring impedance changes associated with motility and mitosis of a single cell,” Lab Chip , vol. 10, no. 19, pp. 2546–2550, 2010.
[26] C. Xiao and J. H. T. Luong, “On‐line monitoring of cell growth and cytotoxicity using electric cell‐substrate impedance sensing (ECIS),” Biotechnol. Prog. , vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1000–1005, 2003.
[27] L. Vistejnova et al. , “The comparison of impedance-based method of cell proliferation monitoring with commonly used metabolic-based techniques,” Neuroendocrinol. Lett. , vol. 30, no. 1, p. 121, 2009.
[28] M. Abdolahad, M. Taghinejad, H. Taghinejad, M. Janmaleki, and S. Mohajerzadeh, “A vertically aligned carbon nanotube-based impedance sensing biosensor for rapid and high sensitive detection of cancer cells,” Lab Chip , vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1183–1190, 2012.
[29] S. K. Arya, K. C. Lee, and A. R. A. Rahman, “Breast tumor cell detection at single cell resolution using an electrochemical impedance technique,” Lab Chip , vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 2362–2368, 2012.
[30] J.-L. Hong, K.-C. Lan, and L.-S. Jang, “Electrical characteristics analysis of various cancer cells using a microfluidic device based on single-cell impedance measurement,” Sensors Actuators B Chem. , vol. 173, pp. 927–934, 2012.
[31] J. Yun, Y.-T. Hong, K.-H. Hong, and J.-H. Lee, “Ex vivo identification of thyroid cancer tissue using electrical impedance spectroscopy on a needle,” Sensors Actuators B Chem. , vol. 261, pp. 537–544, 2018.
[32] H.-G. Jahnke et al. , “Impedance spectroscopy—an outstanding method for label-free and real-time discrimination between brain and tumor tissue in vivo,” Biosens. Bioelectron. , vol. 46, pp. 8–14, 2013.
[33] A. Han, L. Yang, and A. B. Frazier, “Quantification of the heterogeneity in breast cancer cell lines using whole-cell impedance spectroscopy,” Clin. cancer Res. , vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 139–143, 2007.
[34] L. Yang, L. R. Arias, T. S. Lane, M. D. Yancey, and J. Mamouni, “Real-time electrical impedance-based measurement to distinguish oral cancer cells and non-cancer oral epithelial cells,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , vol. 399, no. 5, pp. 1823–1833, 2011.
[35] M. Abdolahad, H. Shashaani, M. Janmaleki, and S. Mohajerzadeh, “Silicon nanograss based impedance biosensor for label free detection of rare metastatic cells among primary cancerous colon cells, suitable for more accurate cancer staging,” Biosens. Bioelectron. , vol. 59, pp. 151–159, 2014.
[36] H. Guohua, L. Hongyang, J. Zhiming, Z. Danhua, and W. Haifang, “Study of small-cell lung cancer cell-based sensor and its applications in chemotherapy effects rapid evaluation for anticancer drugs,”Biosens. Bioelectron. , vol. 97, pp. 184–195, 2017.
[37] K. F. Lei, T.-K. Liu, and N.-M. Tsang, “Towards a high throughput impedimetric screening of chemosensitivity of cancer cells suspended in hydrogel and cultured in a paper substrate,”Biosens. Bioelectron. , vol. 100, pp. 355–360, 2018.
[38] C.-M. Lo, C. R. Keese, and I. Giaever, “Monitoring motion of confluent cells in tissue culture,” Exp. Cell Res. , vol. 204, no. 1, pp. 102–109, 1993.
[39] M. Ashoorirad, A. Fallah, and M. Saviz, “Measuring and assessment of impedance spectrum of collagen thin films in the presence of deionized water,” J. Mol. Liq. , vol. 320, p. 114488, 2020.
[40] A. L. Plant, K. Bhadriraju, T. A. Spurlin, and J. T. Elliott, “Cell response to matrix mechanics: focus on collagen,” Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Res. , vol. 1793, no. 5, pp. 893–902, 2009.
[41] A. L. Plant, J. T. Elliott, A. Tona, D. McDaniel, and K. J. Langenbach, “Tools for quantitative and validated measurements of cells,” in High Content Screening , Springer, 2007, pp. 95–107.
[42] R. Ala-aho and V.-M. Kähäri, “Collagenases in cancer,”Biochimie , vol. 87, no. 3–4, pp. 273–286, 2005.
[43] K. Juurikka, G. S. Butler, T. Salo, P. Nyberg, and P. Åström, “The Role of MMP8 in Cancer: A Systematic Review,” Int. J. Mol. Sci. , vol. 20, no. 18, p. 4506, 2019.
[44] C.-L. Hsiao et al. , “The association of matrix metalloproteinase-8 promoter genotypes in breast cancer,”Anticancer Res. , vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 2181–2185, 2018.