References
1. Jerosch-Herold C, Houghton J, Blake
J, et al. Association of psychological distress, quality of life and
costs with carpal tunnel syndrome severity: a cross-sectional analysis
of the PALMS cohort. BMJ open 2017; 7:e017732.
2. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R,
et al. [Prevalence for clinically proved carpal tunnel syndrome is 4
percent]. Lakartidningen 2000; 97:1668-1670.
3. Bland JD, Rudolfer SM. 2003.
Clinical surveillance of carpal tunnel syndrome in two areas of the
United Kingdom, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991-2001; 74:1674-1679.
4. Lee SJ, Choyke LT, Locklin JK, et
al. Use of hydrodissection to prevent nerve and muscular damage during
radiofrequency ablation of kidney tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006;
17:1967-1969.
5. Cass SP. Ultrasound-Guided Nerve
Hydrodissection: What is it? A Review of the Literature. Curr Sports Med
Rep 2016; 15:20-22.
6. Wu YT, Ho TY, Chou YC, et al.
Six-month efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for carpal tunnel syndrome: A
prospective randomized, single-blind controlled trial. Sci Rep 2017;
7:94.
7. Wu YT, Ho TY, Chou YC, et al.
Six-month Efficacy of Perineural Dextrose for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A
Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. Mayo Clin Proc
2017; 92:1179-1189.
8. Lam SKH, Reeves KD, Cheng AL.
Transition from Deep Regional Blocks toward Deep Nerve Hydrodissection
in the Upper Body and Torso: Method Description and Results from a
Retrospective Chart Review of the Analgesic Effect of 5% Dextrose Water
as the Primary Hydrodissection Injectate to Enhance Safety. BioMed
research international 2017; 7920438.
9. Wu YT, Chen SR, Li TY, et al. Nerve
hydrodissection for carpal tunnel syndrome: A prospective, randomized,
double-blind, controlled trial. Muscle & nerve 2019; 59:174-180.
10. Eslamian F, Eftekharsadat B,
Babaei-Ghazani A, et al. A Randomized Prospective Comparison of
Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Guided Steroid Injections for Carpal
Tunnel Syndrome. J Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 34:107-113.
11. Ustun N, Tok F, Yagz AE, et al.
Ultrasound-guided vs. blind steroid injections in carpal tunnel
syndrome: A single-blind randomized prospective study. Am J Phys Med
Rehabil 2013; 92:999-1004.
12. Lee JY, Park Y, Park KD, et al.
Effectiveness of ultrasound-guided carpal tunnel injection using
in-plane ulnar approach: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded
study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e350.
13. Hong JP, Lew HL, Lee CH, et al.
Ultrasound-Guided Injection for the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 94:e119-120.
14. Chappell CD, Beckman JP, Baird
BC, et al. Ultrasound (US) Changes in the Median Nerve Cross-Sectional
Area After Microinvasive US-Guided Carpal Tunnel Release. Journal of
ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of
Ultrasound in Medicine 2020; 39:693-702.
15. Smith J, Wisniewski SJ, Finnoff
JT, et al. Sonographically guided carpal tunnel injections: the ulnar
approach. J Ultrasound Med 2008; 27:1485-1490.
16. Babaei-Ghazani A, Nikbakht N,
Forogh B, et al. Comparison Between Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Guided
Corticosteroid Injection Above Versus Below the Median Nerve in Mild to
Moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J
Phys Med Rehabil 2018.; 97:407-413.
17. Rayegani SM, Raeissadat SA,
Ahmadi-Dastgerdi M, et al. Comparing The Efficacy Of Local Triamcinolone
Injection In Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Using Three Different Approaches
with or without Ultrasound Guidance. J Pain Res 2019; 12:2951-2958.
18. Chen PC, Chuang CH, Tu YK, et al.
A Bayesian network meta-analysis: Comparing the clinical effectiveness
of local corticosteroid injections using different treatment strategies
for carpal tunnel syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:363.
19. Wu YT, Ke MJ, Chou YC, et al.
Effect of radial shock wave therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome: A
prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Orthop
Res 2016; 34:977-984.
20. Rossi S, Giannini F, Passero S,
et al. Sensory neural conduction of median nerve from digits and palm
stimulation in carpal tunnel syndrome. Electroencephalogr Clin
Neurophysiol 1994; 93:330-334.
21. Padua L, Lo Monaco M, Valente EM,
et al. A useful electrophysiologic parameter for diagnosis of carpal
tunnel syndrome. Muscle & nerve 1996; 19:48-53.
22. Padua L, LoMonaco M, Gregori B,
et al. Neurophysiological classification and sensitivity in 500 carpal
tunnel syndrome hands. Acta Neurol Scand 1997; 96:211-217.
23. Levine DW, Simmons BP, Koris MJ,
et al. A self-administered questionnaire for the assessment of severity
of symptoms and functional status in carpal tunnel syndrome. The Journal
of bone and joint surgery American volume 1993; 75:1585-1592.
24. Leite JC, Jerosch-Herold C, Song
F. A systematic review of the psychometric properties of the Boston
Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2006; 7:78.
25. Wong SM, Griffith JF, Hui AC, et
al. Discriminatory sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of carpal
tunnel syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:1914-1921.
26. El Miedany YM, Aty SA, Ashour S.
Ultrasonography versus nerve conduction study in patients with carpal
tunnel syndrome: substantive or complementary tests? Rheumatology
(Oxford, England) 2004; 43:887-895.
27. Jablecki CK, Andary MT, So YT, et
al. Literature review of the usefulness of nerve conduction studies and
electromyography for the evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel
syndrome. AAEM Quality Assurance Committee. Muscle & nerve 1993;
16:1392-1414.
28. Wu YT, Ke MJ, Ho TY, et al.
Randomized double-blinded clinical trial of 5% dextrose versus
triamcinolone injection for carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Ann Neurol
2018; 84:601-610.
29. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, et
al. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the
social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods
2007; 39:175-191.
30. Ettema AM, Amadio PC, Zhao C, et
al. A histological and immunohistochemical study of the subsynovial
connective tissue in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. The Journal of
bone and joint surgery American volume 2004; 86-A:1458-1466.
31. Tat J, Wilson KE, Keir PJ.
Pathological changes in the subsynovial connective tissue increase with
self-reported carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms. Clin Biomech (Bristol,
Avon) 2015; 30:360-365.
32. Bland JDP. Hydrodissection for
treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle & nerve 2018; 57:4-5.
33. Stark H, Amirfeyz R. Cochrane
corner: local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. J
Hand Surg Eur Vol 2013; 38:911-914.
34. Nwawka OK, Miller TT, Jawetz ST,
et al. Ultrasound-guided perineural injection for nerve blockade: Does a
single-sided injection produce circumferential nerve coverage? J Clin
Ultrasound 2016; 44:465-469.
35. Unglaub F, Wolf E, Goldbach C, et
al. Subjective and functional outcome after revision surgery in carpal
tunnel syndrome. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2008; 128:931-936.
36. Chen LC, Ho CW, Sun CH, et al.
Ultrasound-Guided Pulsed Radiofrequency for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A
Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Study. PloS one 2015; 10:e0129918.
37. Manente G, Torrieri F, Di Blasio
F, et al. An innovative hand brace for carpal tunnel syndrome: a
randomized controlled trial. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24:1020-1025.
38. Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Dahmane
M, et al. Ultrasound of tendons and nerves. Eur Radiol 2002; 12:44-55.
39. Ata AM, Sahin Onat S, Kara M, et
al. Ultrasound-Guided Injection of Carpal Tunnel: Do You Mind the
Retinaculum? Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2016; 95:e22.
Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of
study participants.