References
  1. Rabin KR, Gramatges MM, Margolin JF, Poplack DG. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In– Pizzo PA and Poplack DG, eds. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology, 7th Edition. Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer 2016 pp 463-497.
  2. Halton J, Gaboury I, Grant R et al. Advanced vertebral fracture among newly diagnosed children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of the Canadian Steroid Associated Osteoporosis in the Pediatric Population (STOPP) research program. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24: 1326-1334.
  3. Halton JM, Atkinson SA, Fraher L et al Mineral homeostasis and bone mass at diagnosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 557-564.
  4. Halton JM, Atkinson SA, Fraher L et al. Altered mineral metabolism and bone mass in children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 1774-1783.
  5. Sala A, Barr RD. Osteopenia and cancer in children and adolescents. The fragility of success. Cancer 2007; 109: 1420-1431.
  6. Barr RD, Sala A. Osteonecrosis in children and adolescents with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50: 483-485.
  7. Ward LM, Tricco AC, Phoung P et al. Bisphosphonate therapy for children and adolescents with secondary osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007: CD 005324.
  8. Kotecha RS, Powers N, Lee S-J, Murray KJ, Carter T, Cole C. Use of bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteonecrosis as a complication of therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54: 934-940.
  9. Drake MT, Clarke BL, Khosla S. Bisphosphonates: Mechanism of action and role in clinical practice. Mayo Clin Pract 2008; 83: 1032-1045.
  10. Barr RD, Guo CY, Wiernikowski J, Webber C, Wright M, Atkinson S. Osteopenia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pilot study of amelioration with Pamidronate. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002; 39: 44-46.
  11. Lethaby C, Wiernikowski J, Sala A, Naronha M, Webber C, Barr RD. Bisphosphonate therapy for reduced bone mineral density during treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood and adolescence. A report of preliminary experience. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007; 29: 613-616.
  12. Nakhla M, Denker AE, Connor JD et al. Bioavailability and short-term tolerability of alendronate in glucocorticoid-treated children. Clin Ther 2011; 33: 1516-1523.
  13. Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE et al. Effects of continuing or stopping Alendronate after 5 years of treatment. The Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): A randomized trial. JAMA 2006; 96: 2927-938.
  14. Tuany Duarte N, de Oliveira Rech B, Godoy Martins I, Bertoldi Franco J, Lopez Ortega K. Can children be affected by bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw ? A systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 49: 183-191.
  15. Brown JJ, Ramalingan L, Zacharin MR. Bisphosphonate – associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: does it occur in children? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68: 863-867.
  16. Sebestyen J, Srivastava T, Alon US. Bisphosphonates use in children. Clin Pediatr 2012; 51: 1011-1024.
  17. Mundy GR, Yoneda T. Bisphosphonates as anti-cancer drugs. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 398-400.
  18. Van Acker HH, Anguille S, Willemen Y, Smits EL, Van Tendeloo VF. Bisphosphonates for cancer treatment: Mechanisms of action and lessons from clinical trials. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 158: 24-40.
  19. Ward LM, Konji VN, Ma J. The management of osteoporosis in children. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27: 2147-2179.
  20. Pieters R, Schrappe M, De Lorenzo P et al. A treatment protocol for infants younger than 1 year with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Interfant 99): an observational study and a multi-centre randomized trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 240-250.
  21. Vrooman LM, Neuberg DS, Kutok JL et al. Post induction dexamethasone and individualized dosing of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase each improve outcome of children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from a randomized study – Dana Farber Cancer Institute ALL consortium Protocol 00-01. J Clin Oncol 2013: 31:1202-1210.
  22. Place AE, Stevenson KE, Vrooman LM et al. Intravenous pegylated asparaginase versus intramuscular native Estherichia coli asparaginase in newly diagnosed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (DFCI 05-001): a randomized open label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2015: 16: 1677-1690.
  23. Silverman L, Blonquist TM, Hunt SK et al. Randomized study of pegasparaginase (SS-PEG) and calasparagase pegol (SC-PEG) in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoms: results of DFCI ALL Consortium Protocol 11-001. Blood 2016; 128 (22): 175 (abstract).
  24. Halton JM, Atkinson SA, Fraher L et al. Altered mineral metabolism and bone mass in children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 1774-1783.
  25. Pierobon J, Webber CE, Nayiager T, Barr RD, Moran GR, Gulenchyn KY. Radiation doses originating from diagnostic procedures during the treatment and followup of children and adolescents with malignant lymphoma. J Radiol Prot 2011; 31: 83-93.
  26. Sala A, Webber CE, Morrison J, Beaumont LF, Barr RD. Whole-body bone mineral content, lean body mass, and fat mass measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in a population of normal Canadian children and adolescents. Can Assoc Radiol J 2007; 58:46-52.
  27. Webber CE, Beaumont LF, Morrison J, Sala A, Barr RD. Age-predicted values for lumbar spine, proximal femur and whole-body bone mineral density: Results from a population of normal children aged 3 to 18 years. Can Assoc Radiol J 2007; 58: 37-45.
  28. Webber CE, Sala A, Barr RD. Accounting for body size deviations when reporting bone mineral density variables in children. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20: 113-121.
  29. Zuna J, Cavé H, Eckert C et al. Childhood secondary ALL after ALL treatment. Leukemia 2006; 21: 1431-1435.
  30. Hunger SP, Mullighan CG. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 1541-1552
  31. Rudge S, Hailwood S, Horne A, Lucas J, Wu F, Cundy T. Effects of once-weekly oral alendronate on bone in children on glucocorticoid treatment. Rheumatology 2005; 44: 813-818.
  32. Nasomyont N, Horning LN, Gordon CM, Wasserman H. Outcomes following intravenous bisphosphonate infusion in pediatric patients: A 7-year retrospective chart review. Bone 2019; 121: 60-67.
  33. Lu J, Shin Y, Yen M-S, Sun SS. Peak bone mass and patterns of change in total bone mineral density and bone mineral content from childhood into young adulthood. J Clin Densitom 2016; 19: 180-191.
  34. Baxter-Jones ADG, Faulkner RA, Forwood MR, Mirwald RL, Bailey DA. Bone mineral accrual from 8 to 30 years of age: An estimation of peak bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26: 1729-1739.
  35. Heaney RP, Abrams S, Dawson-Hughes B et al. Peak bone mass. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11: 985-1009.
  36. Rayar MS, Nayiager T, Webber CE, Barr RD, Athale UH. Predictors of bony morbidity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 77-82.
  37. Verwaaijen EJ, de Groot-Kruseman HA, Pieters R et al. Developing and validating risk prediction models for symptomatic fractures and low bone mineral density in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Bone Miner Res 2021, Oct 5. DOI:10.1002/jbmr.4442.
  38. Fonseca A, Gordon C, Barr RD. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) to assess bone health in children, adolescents, and young adults: A review of normative data. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013; 35: 581-589.
  39. Barr R, Inglis D, Athale U, Farncombe T, Gordon C. Bone health in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood an adolescence. An assessment by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68: e29218.
  40. Frost HM. On the trabecular “thickness” – number problem. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14: 1816-1821.
  41. Rizzato G, Montemurro L. Reversibility of exogenous corticosteroid-induced bone loss. Eur Resp J 1993; 6: 116-119.
  42. Brennan BM, Mughal Z, Roberts SA et al. Bone mineral density in childhood survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated without cranial irradiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 689-694.
  43. Mostoufi-Moab S, Brodsky J, Isaacoff EJ et al. Longitudinal assessment of bone density and structure in childhood survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial radiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 3584-3592.
  44. Golden NH, Iglesias EA, Jacobson MS et al. Alendronate for the treatment of osteopenia in anorexia nervosa: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3179-3185.
  45. Ward LM, Rauch F, Whyte MP et al. Alendronate for the treatment of pediatric osteogenesis imperfecta: A randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 355-364.
  46. Ward L, Tricco AC, Phuong P et al. Bisphosphonate therapy for children and adolescents with secondary osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD005324.
  47. Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer J-P, et al. Ten years’ experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1189-1199.
  48. Duarte NT, Rech B deO, Martins IS, Franco JB, Ortega KL. Can children be affaected by bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw ? A systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 49: 183-191.
  49. Clezardin P. Bisphosphonates’ antitumor activity: An unraveled side of a multifaceted drug class. Bone 2011; 48: 71-79.
  50. Janke LJ, Kim J, Payton MA et al. Effects of zoledronic acid on osteonecrosis and acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment efficacy in preclinical models. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68: e29183.
  51. Cardwell CR, Abnet CC, Veal P, Hughes CM, Cantwell MM, Murray LJ. Exposure to oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E717-E725.
  52. Bae YE, Chang J, Park SM. Oral bisphosphonate use and the risk of female breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer: a nationwide population-based study. Arch Osteoporos 2019; 14: 41.
  53. Wen DT, Xu Z, Xuan ML et al. Prognostic effect of bisphosphonate exposure for patients with diagnosed solid cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Front Oncol 2018: 8: 495.
  54. Rouach V, Goldshtein I, Wolf I et al. Exposure to alendronate is associated with a lower risk of bone metastases in osteoporotic women with early breast cancer. J Bone Oncol 2018; 12: 91-95.
  55. Rajakumar SA, Papp E, Lee KK et al. B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells mediate RANK-RANKL – dependent bone destruction. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12: eaba5942.