Group 2 n=136 Transperitoneal n=64 Extraperitoneal n=72 Conventional laparoscopy n=79 Robotic-assisted laparoscopy n=57
Patient characteristics
Body mass index (kg/m2)
29.5 (25.1–34.7)
28.3 (24.5–34.9)
30 (26.4–34.4)
28.7 (24.8–32.9)
31 (27.1–35.2)
Waist circumference (cm)
105 (96–115)
104 (96–115)
105 (96–115)
103 (90–110)
107 (100–118)
Waist-Hip ratio
0.91 (0.86–0.98)
0.92 (0.86–0.99)
0.90 (0.85–0.97)
0.91 (0.84–1.0)
0.90 (0.86–0.96)
Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) (mm)
234 (208–265)
234 (208–265)
235 (212–265)
230 (202–261)
246.5 (221–272)
Age at surgery (years)
66 (61–73)
66 (60–74)
66 (61–72)
67 (61–73)
65 (60–73)
Comorbidity index a
3 (2–4)
3 (2–4)
3 (2–4)
3 (2–4)
3 (2–4)
FIGO stage
Ia
43 (31.6)
22 (34.4)
21 (29.2)
29 (36.7)
14 (24.6)
Ib
33 (24.3)
16 (25)
17 (23.6)
21 (26.6)
12 (21.1)
II
32 (23.5)
17 (26.6)
15 (20.8)
12 (15.2)
20 (35.1)
IIIa
5 (3.7)
2 (3.1)
3 (4.2)
3 (3.8)
2 (3.5)
IIIb
2 (1.5)
1 (1.6)
1 (1.4)
1 (1.3)
1 (1.8)
IIIc1
6 (4.4)
1 (1.6)
5 (6.9)
3 (3.8)
3 (5.3)
IIIc2
14 (10.3)
5 (7.8)
9 (12.5)
9 (11.4)
5 (8.8)
IVa
1 (0.7)
0
1 (1.4)
1 (1.3)
0
FIGO tumor Grade
1
11 (8.1)
6 (9.4)
5 (6.9)
10 (12.7)
1 (1.8)
2
55 (40.4)
24 (37.5)
31 (43.1)
25 (31.6)
30 (52.6)
3
70 (51.5)
34 (53.1)
36 (50)
44 (55.7)
26 (45.6)
Lymphovascular space invasion
Yes
49 (36)
23 (36)
26 (36.1)
29 (36.7)
20 (35.1)
No
87 (64)
41 (64)
46 (63.9)
50 (63.3)
37 (64.9)
Type of surgery
Hysterectomy
127 (93.4)
60 (93.8)
67 (93.1)
74 (93.7)
53 (93)
Unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
128 (94.1)
62 (96.9)
66 (91.7)
74 (93.7)
54 (94.7)
Pelvic lymphadenectomy
132 (97.1)
64 (100)
68 (94.4)
75 (94.9)
57 (100)
Para-aortic lymphadenectomy
125 (91.9)
57 (89.1)
68 (94.4)
72 (91.1)
53 (93)
Other procedures b
49 (36)
24 (37.5)
25 (34.7)
38 (48.1)
11 (19.3)
Surgical outcomes
Total operative time (min)
270 (240–300)
270 (240–300)
270 (225–315)
285 (240–330)
265 (230–295)
Para-aortic lymphadenectomy time (min)
90 (72–120)
90 (75–120)
90 (70–120)
90 (75–120)
90 (70–100)
Hematocrit drop c
6.6 (4.2–9.4)
6.3 (4.1–9.2)
6.7 (4.3–9.8)
7.2 (4.3–9.8)
5.9 (4.2–8.2)
Blood transfusion
6 (4.4)
3 (4.7)
3 (4.2)
4 (5.1)
2 (3.5)
Intraoperative complication
14 (10.3)
9 (14.1)
5 (6.9)
12 (15.2)
2 (3.5)
Related to para-aortic lymphadenectomy
6 (4.4)
4 (6.2)
2 (2.8)
5 (6.3)
1 (1.8)
d
8 (5.9)
5 (7.8)
3 (4.2)
7 (8.9)
1 (1.8)
Early postoperative complication
36 (26.5)
15 (23.4)
21 (29.2)
21 (26.6)
15 (26.3)
Related to para-aortic lymphadenectomy
2 (1.5)
1 (1.6)
1 (1.4)
2 (2.5)
0
d
11 (8.1)
7 (10.9)
4 (5.6)
7 (8.9)
4 (7)
Late postoperative complication
23 (16.9)
8 (12.5)
15 (20.8)
15 (19)
8 (14)
Related to para-aortic lymphadenectomy
1 (0.7)
0
1 (1.4)
0
1 (1.8)
d
13 (9.6)
6 (9.4)
7 (9.7)
7 (8.9)
6 (10.5)
Incomplete para-aortic lymphadenectomy
20 (14.7)
12 (18.8)
8 (11.1)
11 (13.9)
9 (15.8)
Laparoscopy conversion e
16 (11.8)
3 (4.7)*
13 (18.1)*
8 (10.1)
8 (14)
Surgical morbidity f 52 (43.7) 25 (44.6) 27 (42.9) 33 (48.5) 19 (37.3)