IV. Summary
Simple, localized vascular malformations are composed of a heterogeneous population of lesions which include capillary, lymphatic, venous or arteriovenous malformations. Clinical symptoms vary widely, with many children having asymptomatic lesions which require expectant observation. Other children develop lesions which cause significant pain, functional, or cosmetic impairment and require a multi-disciplinary approach to their care. Diagnosis of simple vascular malformations is often accomplished through clinical exam and imaging, but biopsy is indicated if atypical features are present. Management of vascular malformations is dependent on type of malformation and lesion location, but can involve medical management, surgical resection, or sclerotherapy. The pediatric hematologist and oncologist is playing an ever-increasing role in the care of patients with vascular malformations. As our understanding of the genetic basis for vascular malformations grows, targeted therapy originally developed for oncologic indications, such as KRAS inhibitors, will play a more substantial role in the treatment of vascular malformations.