\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{The Emperors of scientific versatility that influenced Clinical
Medicine; Dr Golding Bird and Nikola Tesla}



\author[1]{Gayathri Delanerolle}%
\author[2]{Rawan Ebrahim}%
\author[3]{Will Goodinson}%
\author[4]{Kathryn Elliot}%
\author[5]{Ashish Shetty}%
\author[4]{Peter Phiri}%
\affil[1]{University of Oxford}%
\affil[2]{University College London}%
\affil[3]{University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust}%
\affil[4]{Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust}%
\affil[5]{University College London Faculty of Medical Sciences}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 07, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Physics and Chemistry are fundamental composites of medicine. Concepts
and theories from these fields continuously influence modern day
medicine, including the development of novel diagnostic methods,
pharmacological and surgical interventions and inadvertently, patient
care. The use of scientific approaches to improve existing clinical
practices is important to understand. This includes the exploration of
key innovators that were ahead of their time when inventions were
developed to support ``the collateral sciences''. Two such innovators
are Golding Bird and Nikola Tesla; 2 unique and incredibly versatile
scientists. Electrotherapeutics has had a remarkable history. The use of
Torpedo Fish (Torpedo mamorata, Malopterurus electricus) to provide
analgesia was reported by Scribonius Largus in AD 47 in his monumental
work Compositiones Medicae%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Perspective}

\textbf{The Emperors of scientific versatility that influenced Clinical
Medicine; Dr Golding Bird and Nikola Tesla}

Authors

Gayathri Delanerolle\textsuperscript{1}, Rawan
Ebrahim\textsuperscript{2}, Will Goodinson\textsuperscript{3}, Kathryn
Elliot\textsuperscript{5}, Ashish Shetty\textsuperscript{2, 3}, Peter
Phiri\textsuperscript{4,5}

Affiliations

\textsuperscript{1}University of Oxford, Oxford Brain Health Clinical
Trials Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3
7JX, UK

\textsuperscript{2}University College London, UK

\textsuperscript{3}University College London NHS Foundation Trust, UK

\textsuperscript{4}University of Southampton, Primary Care and
Population Sciences and Medical Education, Aldermoor Health Centre,
Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK

\textsuperscript{3}Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Research \&
Development Department, Southampton, SO30 3JB, UK

\textbf{Corresponding Author:}

Dr Peter Phiri, PhD

Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust

Research \& Development Dept.

Clinical Trials Facility, Moorgreen Hospital

Southampton, SO30 3JB, UK

\textbf{Email:}peter.phiri@southernhealth.nhs.uk

Word count: ( 1,908 words)

\textbf{Keywords: Golding Bird, Nikola Tesla, AI, neuromodulation,
electrotherapy, pain management}

\emph{``From time to time in the rare intervals, the great spirit of
discovery finds itself on earth to communicate the mystery that will
advance mankind. It selects the most able, the most deserving and
whispers it's secret into his ear. As a flash of light emerges valuable
knowledge. While catching the hidden meaning the lucky one observes a
magical change \ldots{} Miracles that he sees, although distant in time,
will come to materialise. He knows it, there is no shred of doubt in his
mind, in every fibre of his body he feels -- it is a Great
idea.''\textbf{Nikola Tesla}}

\textbf{Introduction}

Physics and Chemistry are fundamental composites of medicine. Concepts
and theories from these fields continuously influence modern day
medicine, including the development of novel diagnostic methods,
pharmacological and surgical interventions and inadvertently, patient
care. The use of scientific approaches to improve existing clinical
practices is important to understand. This includes the exploration of
key innovators that were ahead of their time when inventions were
developed to support ``the collateral sciences''. Two such innovators
are Golding Bird {[}Figure 1{]} and Nikola Tesla {[}Figure 2{]}, two
unique and incredibly versatile scientists.

Electrotherapeutics has had a remarkable history. The use of Torpedo
Fish (Torpedo mamorata, Malopterurus electricus) to provide analgesia
was reported by Scribonius Largus in AD 47 in his monumental work
Compositiones Medicae.

Figure 1

\textbf{Golding Bird: Life and Contributions to Electrotherapeutics}

Dr Golding Bird was a medical pioneer who used electricity as a
therapeutic principle. He was one of the earliest clinicians to use
electricity for a selected population of patients advocating that it may
have various other uses as well. Electrotherapeutics is increasingly
being recognised as an important tool for the success of the treatment
of pain in the last two decades.

Golding Bird was born in Norfolk, England on 9 December 1814 {[}1{]} and
had an unremarkable upbringing although he suffered from rheumatic fever
and endocarditis as a child, which affected his long-term health. He was
privately educated with a focus on classical education instead of the
sciences, although he grew an interest in both botany and chemistry and
quickly displayed a great ability in these fields, volunteering to give
lectures and tutorials to his classmates outside of official lessons
{[}2{]}.

Golding Bird was always interested in medical sciences. He became a
student at Guy's Hospital in 1832. Guy's hospital was founded in 1721 by
Thomas Guy and had a tradition of studying physics and chemical
applications to medicine. Thomas Addison, Thomas Hodgkin, Sir Ashley
Cooper, Sir Alexander Fleming, and John Braxton Hicks were among the
Physicians who worked at Guys Hospital. By 1836, Bird was in charge of
the department for the treatment of patients by electricity and
galvanism at the medical school of Guy's under the supervision of Dr
Thomas Addison. During this period, Guy's had become notable amongst the
public for his use of electricity for the management of various pain and
medical conditions. Dr Bird was likely chosen to be in charge of the
department because of his prior experience with electrical therapy. In
the 1830s, there were great strides being made in the area of
electrotherapeutics, however it was still very limited in its use. The
treasurer of Guy's Hospital, who felt that the hospital could treat more
patients with electrotherapeutics, approved the development of an
electrical room with a senior clinician supervising Golding Bird. Bird
received lots of experience in electrotherapeutics as a medical student
and was introduced to the use of many advanced pieces of equipment
including the galvanic cell, the faradic coil, and static electricity
moxa {[}2{]}.

The `electrifying room' at Guy's was then placed under the general
direction of Dr Bird when he became the head of the department, where he
used devices eliciting electrical treatments. The electrolytic effects
produced long-continued currents at low tension interested Golding Bird,
since they appeared to be analogous to the nervous currents in the body.
Golding Bird discovered the `electric moxa', to treat movement disorders
and more notably treated pelvic pain and paralysed bladders through the
application of a strong electric current between the sacrum and the
pubis. Bird used both electrochemical and electrostatic machines {[}2{]}
for electrotherapy. Treatment modalities included peripheral nerve
stimulation and muscle stimulation.

Bird was ahead of this time and his work was perceived controversial and
debated extensively, especially during dissemination knowledge by way of
lectures {[}1{]}. These lectures {[}1{]} combined with the
transformative knowledge basis to conceptualising the advancement of
neuromodulation; Bird's work was revived in the modern era to exploit
electrotherapy. Additionally, Bird is more known for being the inventor
of the flexible stethoscope {[}3{]}. Golding Bird encouraged
electrotherapy to be used only when all the traditional methods had
failed. It has become clear now that patient selection is vital to the
success of neuromodulation. Golding Bird died from a urinary tract
infection on 27 October 1854 {[}4{]}. His frail health and overwork have
been attributed to his death at an age of 39.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image1/image1}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure 3

Soon after his passing, the Golding Bird Gold Medal and Scholarship for
Sanitary Science, seen in figure 3, was established by his wife Mary and
was awarded annually at Guy's teaching hospital from 1887 all the way
until 1983. From 1934 onwards, a Golding Bird Gold Medal and Scholarship
was also awarded for Obstetrics and~Gynaecology. The neurostimulation
practices have continued at Guy's Hospital after Bird's and the
inauguration of the Department of Electricity on July 15th. There can be
no doubt that Dr Bird's contributions to the field of neuromodulation
were significant. He helped to pave the way for the development of the
vast majority of clinical tools at the disposal of our physicians today.

\textbf{Nikola Tesla: Life and Contributions to Electrotherapeutics}

Similar to Bird, Nikola Tesla {[}Figure 2{]} was an innovator who was
ahead of his time. However, he is celebrated in the modern world for his
scientific contributions. Many in society reap the benefits of
scientific advancements associated with Tesla, without knowing its
aetiological origins. This would be an apt case, when considering Tesla,
a man who many millennials know because of Elon Musk's efforts to create
an eco-friendly industrial advancement. More so than ever, people have
become more interested in Nikola Tesla as Musk decided to name his fleet
of electric cars, ``Tesla'' to honour the use of Tesla's designs and
concepts. This inspired generations of consumers and otherwise, to
``Google'' the meaning of ``Tesla'' which prompted discussions around
one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century. Contrary to this
notion, most clinicians know of Nikola Tesla for a variety of reasons as
his patents resulted in the development of many different medical
equipment and devices, especially in Clinical Radiology, Nuclear
Medicine, Neurology, Oncology and Trauma Surgery. However, a relatively
unknown fact is that Tesla's patents and scientific reasoning is
invaluable to the advancements in clinical trials and methodological
designs to test technologies and devices. To explore this further, it is
important to understand Tesla and his work.

Nikola Tesla was born on the 10th of July 1856 in Smiljan, Croatia.
Tesla is undoubtedly one of the most understated inventors of modern
times despite having 300 patents to his name and has made one of the
most important contributions to the field of high frequency and voltage
electrical currents. In addition, Tesla was well known for his
versatility as he focused on multiple areas of science. Whilst he was a
great inventor, most of the academic community criticised him for
completing 24 publications throughout his lifetime without realising,
each had wider impact than any others seen at the time and this
misconception, prevented Tesla from receiving any academic honours. This
is further evident as Tesla's contributions are not well discussed in
academia compared to Albert Einstein or Thomas Edison, despite the
impact of his theories and applications across various genre. This is of
course until the revival of his work by Elon Musk and the likes of Rohit
Prasad, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.

In 1891, Tesla showed that the rapid oscillation currents could cross
the human body without the cause of any muscle spasms or tissue damage
{[}5{]}. This was a sensational discovery as it showed the possibility
of therapeutic application and provided the basis to modern day
ultrasound. This methodology was further used by Tesla to create an
oscillator to relieve fatigue from leg muscles that is used in the
treatment of modern-day musculoskeletal conditions. Following on from
these discoveries, the Tesla coil and wireless remote controls were
developed which is widely used within medical equipment in the modern
day. Tesla's theory and design of wireless streams is used in modern day
technology that is applied to both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
such as HIFU. The same principles are also applicable in clinical trials
used to test medical devices, technologies and equipment commonly seen
in the 21st century. In 1896, Tesla also used high frequency currents to
design an ozone generator to produce ozone with antiseptic and
antibacterial properties. This concept was later used in bacteriology
and vaccinology production as well as developing and designing aseptic
pharmacy units required for clinical trials that comply with Good
Manufacturer Production (GMP) standards.

The most useful discovery of all of course is Tesla's concepts in
Artificial Intelligence (AI) that he demonstrated in 1898 at the Madison
Square Garden Electrical Exhibition {[}6{]}. At the time, his exhibit
was the world's first AI project, which was a radio-controlled vessel,
seen in figure 4, and he described that the boat has a `borrowed mind'.
His design and methods for this were patented (613:809) and he made it a
point to generalise the knowledge as much as possible. Thus, Tesla's
device marks the birth of Robotics. Furthermore, an innovation within
the circuitry of the boat was referred to, as ``logic gate'' became a
vital steppingstone to semiconductors. This work resulted in the
development of the first industrial robot in 1961 that led to the
current theorems in medical technologies {[}6{]}. Similarly, these
methods were used to develop robots for surgical procedures that was
pursed by the Interventional Clinical Trials Unit at UCL/UCLH that
provided multiple inventions to the NHS for across specialties of
urology, gynaecology, bariatrics and general surgery in head and neck,
colorectal and hepatobiliary. Furthermore, Tesla's ``logic gate'' and
primary patent influenced the modern-day smart speakers like Amazon's
echo to missile-firing drone aircrafts and the rise to an entire section
of applied sciences; referred to as operational research.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image2/image2}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure 4

It is evident, Tesla's gift was to explore science in the most
intellectual way possible and in many ways, and he was ahead of his
time. His words often did not make sense to many listeners, as his mind
was a complex web of ideas. He could visualise highly complex systems in
his mind with extreme precision and would often say that he can build
anything that is in his mind.

\textbf{Conclusion}

Perhaps the most impressive element of all is that the noble
achievements of Dr Bird and Nikola Tesla pioneered a field of intrigue
that the modern world has yet to fully understand. The words AI and
medical technologies are ubiquitously thrown around but in comparison to
other disciplines, it is still in its infancy. Whilst the sciences and
medicine subsequently evolved, our ability to translate its' deepest
conceptual and theoretical understanding has helped clinicians around
the world take one step closer to the ultimate objective of personalised
and evidence-based medicine leading to optimal clinical care.

Declarations

None

Funding - none

\textbf{References}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  King's College London Archives ``BIRD, Golding (1814-1854)'' Ref:
  GB0100 G/PP1/4
\item
  The collateral sciences in the work of Golding Bird (1814- 1854);
  N.G.Coley
\item
  Wilks, Samuel; Bettany, G. T., ''Dr. Golding Bird'', A Biographical
  History of Guy's Hospital, London: Ward, Lock, Bowden \& Co. 1892
\item
  Steel, Robert, ''Dr. Golding Bird, the physician'', Doing Good, or,
  the Christian in Walks of Usefulness, pp.~206--214, Philadelphia:
  Perkinpine and Higgins, 1859
\item
  N. Tesla,~''High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-Therapeutic and
  Other Purposes'', in~Proceedings of the American Electro-Therapeutic
  Association, American Electro-Therapeutic Association. p.~25.
\item
  SERBIAN JOURNAL OF ELCTRICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 3, No. 2, November 2006,
  163--175
\end{enumerate}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

