Study population
Twelve patients undergoing PVI catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF were enrolled. The patients’ baseline characteristics are presented in Table A of the Supplementary Section.
Pulmonary vein isolation was performed with RF in 5 patients (20 PVs), with cryoballoon in 4 patients (16 PVs) and with laser balloon in 3 patients (12 PVs). All 48 PVs were isolated. A total of 28 PVs in 7 patients were imaged before and after PVI with ICE, while 20 veins in 5 patients were imaged with IVUS.