While all the groups discussed each of the three time horizons, the
groups differed in which horizon was explored the most. ‘How Green is
Red?’ and ‘Our park Hollandse Duinen’ focused mostly on discussing the
future of NPHD in the third horizon, while ‘The Bridge Builders’ left
the third horizon more open but spent relatively more time unpacking the
first Horizon to identify what needs to remain and what needs to change.
The second horizon was least explored. The second horizon was also used
strategically to park major trade-offs or taboo’s that need to be
addressed at some point but could not be solved during the workshop
discussion. Examples are intensive agriculture, what is fair
distribution and allocation of scarce space, and whether or not the
national park should engage with behavioral change.
Plenary discussion and
synthesis
The plenary discussion during the final step of the process highlighted
several cross-cutting factors. Multiple participants mentioned that the
large scale of NPHD with multiple functions offers opportunities to
collaborate on shared goals, but more effort needs to go into
identifying and taking away fundamental barriers. The participants
articulated the need to identify a shared set of key values and
principles to self-organize their collective efforts, like “a swarm of
starlings”, or the “DNA of NPHD”, without compromising on the
richness and diversity of nature values that can be found in the
National Park. A pertinent follow-up question that was brought up is how
to monitor progress and success. At the end of the workshop we asked
people what they would like for a follow-up workshop. Some participants
expressed the desire to have more time to continue unfinished
discussions or to talk and work more towards concrete actions. For
example, someone said: ”now we need to get more concrete; now we need
maps and start drawing”.
Thematic analysis
We identified 9 thematic categories to present the output generated
during the exploration of the third horizon (Table 2). These categories
emerged through comparing and integrating clusters made by participants
with the thematic categories presented by other applications of the NFF
(PBL 2020; Rana et al. 2020).