Table 2 Output on the third horizon for the three groups organized around themes. We merged some duplicants and clarified or shortened some of the descriptions for a concise presentation in this table.
Group / Themes 1 – How Green is Red? 2 – The Bridge builders 3 – Our Park Hollandse Duinen
Spatial planning; Landscape, urban, infrastructure design. Cities are embedded in nature. High-rise buildings in cities with a lot of nature in and surrounding the city. Private and communal gardens contribute to nature and are part of NPHD. Ample opportunities for biking, running and strolling. Resilience and flexibility is built into the system. Highly diverse landscape. High landscape qualities. People can experience NPHD as their garden, and find the ultimate nature experience, including wild camping. Less segregation of nature/ landscape and the built environment. Only buildings that are sustainable and that fit into the landscape. Better accessibility of the area. Many entrances and opportunities for living and working.
Governance, Policy, Regulations Fragmentation of management/policies in the landscape is reduced. Sufficient financial resources are made available for management. Tourism is regulated and curbed. All municipalities in NPHD work together. Tourism and recreation is regulated. NPHD is politically independent of economic interests. Political interests are aligned with the long-term vision of NPHD.
Agriculture and production from land. NPHD is a life support system for its residents. All food is produced locally or regionally. Free of pesticides. Forests provide wood for buildings. Houses and buildings have greenhouses contributing to efficient decentralized food production. Organic agriculture, including bulb cultivation. High demand for local produce.
Economy, trade and transport Circular economy. Nature is valued properly. Negative externalities are internalized. The contribution of NPHD to the local economy is well recognized. Farmers receive a fair price that allows for inclusive agriculture. NPHD is important for the regional economy and provides a source of income. The recreation sector invests in the area.
Technology and Nature Based Solutions Cradle of new ideas and innovation. Nature is a source for biomimicry. Nature provides opportunities for research. Soundless and clean cars and airplanes. Nature based solutions.
Energy The area of the NP is carbon neutral. The area is a source of renewable energy. These energy sources (wind, solar) are designed to fit in with the landscape.
Biodiversity and nature management High biodiversity. Ecological connectivity. Natural dynamics. Both ‘old’ and ‘novel’ ecosystems are valued in their own right. Apex predators provide top down control of ecological dynamics. Sand dune ridges are restored. The landscape is managed to provide opportunity for businesses. Nature is connected. Abundant nature. A lot of flowering flora. A lot of fauna.
Livability, health, environment and well-being Clean air. Healthy living environment. NPHD offers quietness and silent areas for resting. Climate proof Healthy living environment. Clean land and water. Keeps people young. Quietness. Tranquility. Low disease and stress among residents and employees.
Social structure, community participation, behavior, norms, education, awareness Voluntary work is widely practiced. People are connected with nature. People know their environment. People feel connected with the landscape. Children play and learn in nature. Awareness of the diversity and plurality of people-nature interactions.
Culture and heritage. Natural heritage (sand ridges) and cultural history (including references to the roman empire) are recognizable in the landscape. A place where new stories are told. Layered landscape, connecting history with the future. The landscape represents people’s identity.