Abbreviations:
BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia
SCFA, short-chain fatty acids
NICU, neonatal intensive care unit
TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide
MAE, maternal antibiotic exposure
VLBW, very low birth weight
VOCs, volatile organic compounds
DCs, dendritic cells
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
EPT, extremely prematu