References
1. East CE, Leader LR, Sheehan P, Henshall NE, Colditz PB, Lau R. Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace. Vol. 2015, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015. p. CD006174.
2. Visser GH, Ayres-de-Campos D. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Adjunctive technologies. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015 Oct;131(1):25–9.
3. Alfirevic Z, Devane D, Gyte GM, Cuthbert A. Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour. Vol. 2017, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2017.
4. Shakouri F, Iorizzo L, Mc H, Edwards K, Vinter CA, Kristensen K, et al. Effectiveness of fetal scalp stimulation test in assessing fetal wellbeing during labor , a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;7:1–7.
5. Bretscher J, Saling E. pH values in the human fetus during labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1967 Apr;97(7):906–11.
6. Kruger K, Hallberg B, Blennow M, Kublickas M, Westgren M. Predictive value of fetal scalp blood lactate concentration and pH as markers of neurologic disability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(5 Pt 1):1072–8.
7. Nordström L, Ingemarsson I, Kublickas M, Persson B, Shimojo N, Westgren M. Scalp blood lactate: a new test strip method for monitoring fetal wellbeing in labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:894–9.
8. Westgren M, Kruger K, Ek S, Grunevald C, Kublickas M, Naka K, et al. Lactate compared with pH analysis at fetal scalp blood sampling: a prospective randomised study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998 Jan;105(1):29–33.
9. Wiberg-Itzel E, Lipponer C, Norman M, Herbst A, Prebensen D, Hansson A, et al. Determination of pH or lactate in fetal scalp blood in management of intrapartum fetal distress: randomised controlled multicentre trial. BMJ. 2008 Jun;336(7656):1284–7.
10. Bonaventura JM, Sharpe K, Knight E, Fuller KL, Tanner RK, Gore CJ. Reliability and accuracy of six hand-held blood lactate analysers. J Sport Sci Med. 2014;14(1):203–14.
11. Iorizzo L, Persson KEM, Kristensen KH, Wiberg N. Reliability of the point-of care analyzer “StatStrip® XpressTM” for measurement of fetal blood lactate. Clin Chim Acta. 2019 Aug 1;495:88–93.
12. Wang M, Chua SC, Bouhadir L, Treadwell EL, Gibbs E, McGee TM. Point-of-care measurement of fetal blood lactate – Time to trust a new device. Aust New Zeal J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018 Feb;58(1):72–8.
13. Reif P, Lakovschek I, Tappauf C, Haas J, Lang U, Schöll W. Validation of a point-of-care (POC) lactate testing device for fetal scalp blood sampling during labor: clinical considerations, practicalities and realities. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014 Jun;52(6):825–33.
14. Heinis A, van Dillen J, Oosting J, Rhöse S, Vandenbussche F, van Drongelen J. Clinical evaluation of statstrip®lactate for use in fetal scalp blood sampling. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96(3):334–41.
15. Saling E. A new method for examination of the fetus during labor:introduction,technic and basics. Arch Gynak. 1962;197:108–22.
16. SFOG/LÖF. CTG utbildning [Internet]. Available from: http://ctgutbildning.se/index.php
17. Health Q. Guideline: Intrapartum fetal surveillance (IFS) [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 25]. Available from: www.health.qld.gov.au/qcg
18. Ayres-de-Campos D, Arulkumaran S. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Physiology of fetal oxygenation and the main goals of intrapartum fetal monitoring. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015 Oct 1;131(1):5–8.
19. Mokarami P, Wiberg N, Källén K, Olofsson P. Arterio-venous blood gas Δvalues for validation of umbilical cord blood samples at birth are not only biased by sample mix ups but also affected by clinical factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019 Feb 1;98(2):167–75.
20. Wiberg N, Klausen TW, Tyrberg T, Nordström L, Wiberg-Itzel E. Infant outcome at four years of age after intrapartum sampling of scalp blood lactate for fetal assessment. A cohort study. van Wouwe JP, editor. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193887.
21. Wiberg N, Källén K. Fetal scalp blood lactate during second stage of labor: determination of reference values and impact of obstetrical interventions. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2017;30(5):612–7.
22. Wiberg N, Källén K, Herbst A, Olofsson P. Relation between umbilical cord blood pH, base deficit, lactate, 5-minute Apgar score and development of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010 Oct;89(10):1263–9.
23. Cahill A, Macones G, Smyser C, López J, Inder T, Mathur A. Umbilical Artery Lactate Correlates with Brain Lactate in Term Infants. Am J Perinatol. 2016 Oct;34(06):535–40.
24. Tigchelaar F, Groen H, Westgren M, Huinink KD, Cremers T, van den Berg PP. A new microdialysis probe for continuous lactate measurement during fetal monitoring: Proof of concept in an animal model. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99(10):1411–6.
25. Iorizzo L, Klausen TW, Wiberg-Itzel E, Ovin F, Wiberg N. Use of Lactate Pro TM 2 for measurement of fetal scalp blood lactate during labor–proposing new cutoffs for normality, preacidemia and acidemia: a cross-sectional study. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2019 Jun;32(11):1762–8.
26. Heinis AMF, Spaanderman ME, Gunnewiek JMTK, Lotgering FK. Scalp blood lactate for intra-partum assessment of fetal metabolic acidosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90(10):1107–14.
27. Hafström M, Ehnberg S, Blad S, Norén H, Renman C, Rosén KG, et al. Developmental outcome at 6.5 years after acidosis in term newborns: A population-based study. Pediatrics. 2012;129(6).
28. Victory R, Penava D, Da Silva O, Natale R, Richardson B. Umbilical cord pH and base excess values in relation to adverse outcome events for infants delivering at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Dec;191(6):2021–8.
29. White CRH, Mok T, Doherty DA, Henderson JJ, Newnham JP, Pennell CE. The effect of time, temperature and storage device on umbilical cord blood gas and lactate measurement: A randomized controlled trial. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2012;25(6):587–94.
30. Mokarami P, Wiberg N, Olofsson P. Hidden acidosis: An explanation of acid-base and lactate changes occurring in umbilical cord blood after delayed sampling. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;120(8):996–1002.
31. Wiberg N, Källén K, Olofsson P. Base deficit estimation in umbilical cord blood is influenced by gestational age, choice of fetal fluid compartment, and algorithm for calculation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):1651–6.
32. Westgate J, Garibaldi JM, Greene KR. Umbilical cord blood gas analysis at delivery: a time for quality data. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;101(12):1054–63.
33. Knutzen L, Svirko E, Impey L. The significance of base deficit in acidemic term neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(3):373.e1-373.e7.
34. Goodwin TM, Belai I, Hernandez P, Durand M, Paul RH. Asphyxial complications in the term newborn with severe umbilical acidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167(6):1506–12.
35. Lowe J. Intrapartum fetal asphyxia : Definition , diagnosis , and classification. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:957–9.
36. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 348, November 2006: Umbilical cord blood gas and acid-base analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov;108(5):1319–22.
37. Thayyil S, Chandrasekaran M, Taylor A, Bainbridge A, Cady EB, Chong WKK, et al. Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Biomarkers in Neonatal Encephalopathy: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2010;125(2):e382 LP-e395.
38. Hogan L, Ingemarsson I, Thorngren-Jerneck K, Herbst A. How often is a low 5-min Apgar score in term newborns due to asphyxia? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;130(2).
39. Ye J, Zhang J, Mikolajczyk R, Torloni MR, Gülmezoglu AM, Betran AP. Association between rates of caesarean section and maternal and neonatal mortality in the 21st century: A worldwide population-based ecological study with longitudinal data. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016 Apr 1;123(5):745–53.
40. Ramm O, Woo VG, Hung YY, Chen HC, Ritterman Weintraub ML. Risk factors for the development of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in modern obstetric practice. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(2):290–6.
41. Haverkamp AD et al. A controlled trial of the differential effects of intrapartum fetal monitoring. Am J Obs Gynecol. 1979;134(4):399–408.