Subgroup analyses
As listed in Table 2, in subgroup analyses by study design, the results demonstrated the consistent protective role of OAC use in reducing the incidence of dementia, with the low heterogeneity for prospective studies (Supplementary Figure S1); by patients with the history of prior stroke, the direction of effects were similar; by setting observational window, the pooled RR did not reach the statistically significant level for studies with observational window (RR [95%CI] =0.75 [0.51, 1.10], I2=98.8%; P =0.000) (Supplementary Figure S2).