REFERENCES
Ajzenberg, D., A.L. Bañuls, C. Su, A. Dumètre, M. Demar, B. Carme, and M.L. Dardé, 2004: Genetic diversity, clonality and sexuality in Toxoplasma gondii . Int. J. Parasitol. 34 , 1185–1196, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.06.007.
Amouei, A., S. Sarvi, M. Sharif, S.A. Aghayan, J. Javidnia, A. Mizani, M. Moosazadeh, N. Shams, S.A. Hosseini, Z. Hosseininejad, T.N. Chegeni, H. Badali, and A. Daryani, 2020: A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes and feline: Geographical distribution trends.Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 67 , 46–64, DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13340.
Camillo, G., M.E.A. Machado, G.C. Cadore, P. Bräunig, M.C. Venturini, L.L. Pardini, L.D. Barros, J.L. Garcia, L.A. Sangioni, and F.S.F. Vogel, 2020: Toxoplasma gondii genotyping from free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus ) in a rural area of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Arq. Bras. Med. Veterinária e Zootec. 72 , 1339–1345, DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11732.
Carneiro, A.C.A.V., G.M. Andrade, J.G.L. Costa, B.V. Pinheiro, D.V. Vasconcelos-Santos, A.M. Ferreira, C. Su, J.N. Januário, and R.W.A. Vitor, 2013: Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondiirevealed highly diverse genotypes for isolates from newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis in Southeastern Brazil. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51 , 901–907, DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02502-12.
Chikweto, A., R.N. Sharma, K.P. Tiwari, S.K. Verma, R. Calero-Bernal, T. Jiang, C. Su, O.C. Kwok, and J.P. Dubey, 2017: Isolation and RFLP genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus ) in Grenada, West Indies, revealed widespread and dominance of clonal Type III parasites. J. Parasitol.103 , 52–55, DOI: 10.1645/15-945.
Cortés, J.A., Á. Roncancio, L.G. Uribe, C.F. Cortés-Luna, and J.G. Montoya, 2019: Approach to ocular toxoplasmosis including pregnant women. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 32 , 426–434, DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000577.
Dubey, J.P., 2010: Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Chickens (Gallus domesticus ): Prevalence, Clinical Disease, Diagnosis and Public Health Significance. Zoonoses Public Health 57 , 60–73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01274.x.
Dubey, J.P., L. Applewhaite, N. Sundar, G.V. Velmurugan, L.A. Bandini, O.C.H. Kwok, R. Hill, and C. Su, 2007: Molecular and biological characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free-range chickens from Guyana, South America, identified several unique and common parasite genotypes. Parasitology. 134 , 1559–1565, DOI: 10.1017/S0031182007003083.
Dubey, J.P., T. Lehmann, F. Lautner, O.C.H. Kwok, and H.R. Gamble, 2015: Toxoplasmosis in sentinel chickens (Gallus domesticus ) in New England farms: Seroconversion, distribution of tissue cysts in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle by bioassay in mice and cats. Vet. Parasitol. 214 , 55–58, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.004.
Dubey, J.P., A.N. Patitucci, C. Su, N. Sundar, O.C.H. Kwok, and S.K. Shen, 2006: Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Chile, South America. Vet. Parasitol.140 , 76–82, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.023.
Dubey, J.P., C. Rajendran, D.G.C. Costa, L.R. Ferreira, O.C.H. Kwok, D. Qu, C. Su, M.F. V. Marvulo, L.C. Alves, R.A. Mota, and J.C.R. Silva, 2010: New Toxoplasma gondii Genotypes Isolated from Free-Range Chickens from the Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: Unexpected Findings.J. Parasitol. 96 , 709–712, DOI: 10.1645/GE-2425.1.
Dubey, J.P., C. Su, J. Oliveira, J.A. Morales, R.V. Bolaños, N. Sundar, O.C.H. Kwok, and S.K. Shen, 2006: Biologic and genetic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Costa Rica, Central America. Vet. Parasitol. 139 , 29–36, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.031.
Dubey, J.P., N. Sundar, S.M. Gennari, A.H.H. Minervino, N.A. da R. Farias, J.L. Ruas, T.R.B. dos Santos, G.T. Cavalcante, O.C.H. Kwok, and C. Su, 2007: Biologic and genetic comparison of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from the northern Pará state and the southern state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil revealed highly diverse and distinct parasite populations. Vet. Parasitol. 143 , 182–188, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.024.
Dubey, J.P., N. Sundar, N. Pineda, N.C. Kyvsgaard, L.A. Luna, E. Rimbaud, J.B. Oliveira, O.C.H. Kwok, Y. Qi, and C. Su, 2006: Biologic and genetic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Nicaragua, Central America. Vet. Parasitol. 142 , 47–53, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.016.
Dubey, J.P., D.M. Webb, N. Sundar, G.V. Velmurugan, L.A. Bandini, O.C.H. Kwok, and C. Su, 2007: Endemic avian toxoplasmosis on a farm in Illinois: Clinical disease, diagnosis, biologic and genetic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens (Gallus domesticus ), and a goose (Anser anser ). Vet. Parasitol. 148 , 207–212, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.033.
Feitosa, T.F., V.L.R. Vilela, J.L. Almeida-neto, L.R.B. Melo, D.F. Morais, B.F. Alves, F. Nakashima, S.M. Gennari, A.C.R. Athayde, and H.F.J. Pena, 2017: First report of typical Brazilian Toxoplasma gondii genotypes from isolates of free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus ) circulating in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. Parasitol. Res. 116 , 2265–2270, DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5531-x.
Ferreira, T.C.R., J.C. Buery, N.I.B. Moreira, C.B. Santos, J.G.L. Costa, L.V. Pinto, R.C.A. Baraviera, R.W.A. Vitor, and B. Fux, 2018:Toxoplasma gondii : isolation, biological and molecular characterisation of samples from free-range Gallus gallus domesticus from countryside Southeast Brazil. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Veterinária. 27 , 384–389, DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180028.
Hamilton, C.M., R. Robins, R. Thomas, C. Oura, S. Oliveira, I. Villena, E.A. Innes, F. Katzer, and P.J. Kelly, 2019: Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in Free-Ranging Chickens from the Caribbean. Acta Parasitol. 64 , 738–744, DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00071-7.
Hamilton, Clare M., P.J. Kelly, K. Boey, T.M. Corey, H. Huynh, D. Metzler, I. Villena, C. Su, E.A. Innes, and F. Katzer, 2017: Predominance of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in free-roaming chickens in St. Kitts, West Indies. Parasit. Vectors. 10 , 104–112, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2019-6.
Hill, D., and J.P. Dubey, 2002: Toxoplasma gondii : Transmission, diagnosis, and prevention. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 8 , 634–640, DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x.
Howe, D.K., and L.D. Sibley, 1995: Toxoplasma gondii Comprises Three Clonal Lineages: Correlation of Parasite Genotype with Human Disease. J. Infect. Dis. 172 , 1561–1566, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/172.6.1561.
Huson, D.H., and D. Bryant, 2006: Application of Phylogenetic Networks in Evolutionary Studies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 , 254–267, DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msj030.
Lindström, I., N. Sundar, J. Lindh, F. Kironde, J.D. Kabasa, O.C.H. Kwok, J.P. Dubey, and J.E. Smith, 2008: Isolation and genotyping ofToxoplasma gondii from Ugandan chickens reveals frequent multiple infections. Parasitology. 135 , 39–45, DOI: 10.1017/S0031182007003654.
Lopes, C.S., P.S. Franco, N.M. Silva, D.A.O. Silva, E.A. V. Ferro, H.F.J. Pena, R.M. Soares, S.M. Gennari, and J.R. Mineo, 2016: Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of two Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Uberlândia, Brazil. Epidemiol. Infect. 144 , 1865–1875, DOI: 10.1017/S0950268815003295.
Melo, R.P.B., J.C. Almeida, D.C.V. de Lima, J.C.S. Carvalho, W.J.N. Porto, F.J.R. Magalhães, C.M. Hamilton, F. Katzer, and R.A. Mota, 2020: Atypical Toxoplasma gondii genotype from a sheep and a pig on Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil, showed different mouse virulence profiles. Parasitol. Res. 119 , 351–356, DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06522-4.
Moré, G., P. Maksimov, L. Pardini, D.C. Herrmann, D. Bacigalupe, A. Maksimov, W. Basso, F.J. Conraths, G. Schares, and M.C. Venturini, 2012:Toxoplasma gondii infection in sentinel and free-range chickens from Argentina. Vet. Parasitol. 184 , 116–121, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.012.
Moreno, L.F.V., C.P. Rico-Torres, C. Cedillo-Peláez, H. Luna-Pastén, S.T. Méndez-Cruz, G. Lara-Martínez, D. Correa, e H. Caballero-Ortega, 2019: Mixed Toxoplasma gondii infection and new genotypes in feral cats of Quintana Roo, México. Acta Trop. 193 , 199–205, DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.006.
Pardini, L., G. Moré, M. Rudzinski, M.L. Gos, L.M. Campero, A. Meyer, M. Bernstein, J.M. Unzaga, and M.C. Venturini, 2016: Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens in an area with human toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Exp. Parasitol. 166 , 16–20, DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.006.
Pena, H.F.J., S.N. Vitaliano, M.A.V. Beltrame, F.E.L. Pereira, S.M. Gennari, and R.M. Soares, 2013: PCR-RFLP genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens from Espírito Santo state, Southeast region, Brazil: New genotypes and a new SAG3 marker allele. Vet. Parasitol. 192 , 111–117, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.004.
Pena, H.F.J., B.F. Alves, H.S. Soares, S. Oliveira, M.N. Ferreira, P.A. Bricarello, T.M.P. Machado, B.B.P. Castro, and S.M. Gennari, 2018: Free-range chickens from Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, as asymptomatic intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii clonal type I and typical Brazilian genotypes. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Reports. 13 , 55–59, DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.04.001.
Pena, H.F.J., V.M. Ferrari, L.P.N. Aires, H.S. Soares, S. Oliveira, B.F. Alves, S.M. Gennari, J.P. Dubey, L.C. de Mattos, C.C.B. de Mattos, and L. Castiglioni, 2020: First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in a free-living giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla ) revealed a unique non-archetypal genotype. Acta Trop.204 , 1–4, DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105335.
Rajendran, C., C. Su, and J.P. Dubey, 2012: Molecular genotyping ofToxoplasma gondii from Central and South America revealed high diversity within and between populations. Infect. Genet. Evol.12, 359–368, DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.12.010.
Rocha, D.S., M.G. Nilsson, B.M. Maciel, H.F.J. Pena, B.F. Alves, A. V. Silva, L.F.P. Gondim, and G.R. Albuquerque, 2018: Genetic Diversity ofToxoplasma gondii Isolates From Free-Range Chickens In Bahia, Brazil. J. Parasitol. 104 , 377–382, DOI: 10.1645/18-9.
Saeij, J.P.J., J.P. Boyle, and J.C. Boothroyd, 2005: Differences among the three major strains of Toxoplasma gondii and their specific interactions with the infected host. Trends Parasitol. 21, 476–481, DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.08.001.
Saraf, P., E.K. Shwab, J.P. Dubey, and C. Su, 2017: On the determination of Toxoplasma gondii virulence in mice. Exp. Parasitol.174 , 25–30, DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.009.
Sharif, M., A. Amouei, S. Sarvi, A. Mizani, M. Aarabi, S.A. Hosseini, and A. Daryani, 2017: Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondiiisolates from ruminants: A systematic review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 258 , 38–49, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.007.
Shwab, E.K., T. Jiang, H.F.J. Pena, S.M. Gennari, J.P. Dubey, and C. Su, 2016: The ROP18 and ROP5 gene allele types are highly predictive of virulence in mice across globally distributed strains ofToxoplasma gondii . Int. J. Parasitol. 46 , 141–146, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.10.005.
Shwab, E.K., X.Q. Zhu, D. Majumdar, H.F.J. Pena, S.M. Gennari, J.P. Dubey, and C. Su, 2014: Geographical patterns of Toxoplasma gondii genetic diversity revealed by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping.Parasitology. 141 , 453–461, DOI: 10.1017/S0031182013001844.
Silva, A.C.S., L.D. Barros, V.M.C. Barros, A.M. Alcântara, M.R. Andrade, J.L. Garcia, R.A. Mota, and W.J.N. Porto, 2020: Occurrence of Atypical and New Genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in Free-Range Chickens Intended for Human Consumption in Brazil. Acta Parasitol.65 , 774–778, DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00194-2.
Soares, R.M., L.H. Silveira, A.V. Silva, A. Ragozo, S. Galli, E.G. Lopes, S.M. Gennari, and H.F.J. Pena, 2011: Genotyping ofToxoplasma gondii isolates from free range chickens in the Pantanal area of Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 178 , 29–34, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.037.
Sousa, I.C., H.F.J. Pena, L.S. Santos, S.M. Gennari, and F.N. Costa, 2016: First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens on São Luis island, Maranhão state, Brazil, with a new genotype described. Vet. Parasitol. 223 , 159–164, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.041.
Su, C., X. Zhang, and J.P. Dubey, 2006: Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by multilocus PCR-RFLP markers: A high resolution and simple method for identification of parasites. Int. J. Parasitol.36 , 841–848, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.03.003.
Trevisani, N., L.D. Barros, A. Vieira-Neto, A.A. Sartor, A.P. Souza, J.L. Garcia, and A.B. Moura, 2017: Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from naturally infected Gallus domesticus in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Arq. Bras. Med. Veterinária e Zootec. 69 , 139–145, DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8594.
Velmurugan, G.V., J.P. Dubey, and C. Su, 2008: Genotyping studies ofToxoplasma gondii isolates from Africa revealed that the archetypal clonal lineages predominate as in North America and Europe.Vet. Parasitol. 155 , 314–318, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.021.
Vieira, F.E.G., J.P. Sasse, A.F. Minutti, A.C. Miura, L.D. Barros, S.T. Cardim, T.A. Martins, M. Seixas, M.I. Yamamura, C. Su, and J.L. Garcia, 2018: Toxoplasma gondii : prevalence and characterization of new genotypes in free-range chickens from south Brazil. Parasitol. Res. 117 , 681–688, DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5730-5.
Vielmo, A., H.F.J. Pena, W. Panziera, R.M. Bianchi, C. De Lorenzo, S. Oliveira, B.F. Alves, S.M. Gennari, S.P. Pavarini, C.S.L. Barros, and D. Driemeier, 2019: Outbreak of toxoplasmosis in a flock of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus ) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris ). Parasitol. Res. 118 , 991–997, DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06233-w.
Xiao, J., and R.H. Yolken, 2015: Strain hypothesis of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the outcome of human diseases. Acta Physiol.213 , 828–845, DOI: 10.1111/apha.12458.
Ying, Y., S.K. Verma, O.C.H. Kwok, F. Alibana, R. Mcleod, C. Su, J.P. Dubey, and A.K. Pradhan, 2017: Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens from grocery stores and farms in Maryland, Ohio and Massachusetts, USA. Parasitol. Res. 116 , 1591–1595, DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5420-3.
Zou, Y., L.B. Nie, N.Z. Zhang, F.C. Zou, X.Q. Zhu, and W. Cong, 2017: First genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii infection in poultry meat intended for human consumption in eastern China.Infect. Genet. Evol. 55 , 172–174, DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.022.