Study population
The baseline characteristics of 35 patients (mean age, 65.6 ± 9.2; male, 80.0%), as well as details regarding the ablation procedure, are summarized in Table 1. This was the first ablation procedure for twenty-four (68.6%) patients. The mean AF duration from diagnosis was 3.7 ± 3.5 years, and the mean duration of persistent AF was 6.7 ± 8.1 months. The mean number of antiarrhythmic drugs was 1.3 ± 0.7. For the ablation procedure, all patients achieved successful PVI, and 85.7% of the patients underwent LAPWI. Ablation targeting focal activation was performed in 42.9% of patients.