DCL map and dominant focal activations
Based on the anatomical geometry, we created a 3-dimensional, color-coded DCL map to visualize the spatial distribution of the DCL during AF, which displayed the shortest DCL in red and the longest DCL in purple (Fig. 1B, Fig. 3). The DCL map was created using the local activation time (LAT) map algorithm to convert the value of DCL into LAT measurement at the recording site. Based on our hypothesis that areas with shorter DCL may be critical to the AF process, we identified areas in the lower half of the DCL range and defined focal activations located in the area as dominant focal activations (DFAs).