Mechanisms of aging at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels
Considering that aging is the major risk factor for age-associated diseases, discovering the molecular processes of aging is extremely critical for maintaining the health of communities and individuals. In-depth researches throughout the years have increased the knowledge about \souton aging that incorporated various assessments, such as metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, detection of the macromolecular damages, and induction of stress response pathways, which are linked to the aging and age-associated diseases (Figure 1 )(Russo et al., 2020). Maintenance of telomere biology, DNA repair, antioxidant mechanism, detoxification, autophagy, protein unfolding response, and proteasome protein degradation are crucial mechanisms that promote maintenance of genome stability, metabolic homeostasis, proteostasis, ultimate cellular and organismal function, and survival. The inefficacy of these restoration processes can trigger the incidence of aging and its consequent pathogenesis while boosting the protection processes postpone the process of aging and its associated damages. Thus, inhibition of their failure or improvement of their efficiency can be inspired for the design of the screening platform for anti-aging compounds resources (López-Otín et al., 2013).
Nanotechnology, the most forthcoming technology of the twenty-first century, is a remarkable part of science that covers the design, production, characterization, and application of materials, tools, and systems at the nanoscale (Romig Jr et al., 2007). The nanotechnology application in different aspects of medicine provides opportunities to investigate the biological systems at the subtlest levels, causing a higher perception of the mechanisms behind the diseases. In addition, it provides tools for more precise and real-time diagnoses of diseases, targeted drug delivery, new approaches in various kinds of tissue regeneration (Luxenhofer, Barz, & Schillmeier, 2014).