FIGURE 1
Nanomedicine combines nanotechnology with different fields of study,
including materials science, medicine, engineering, cellular and
molecular biology, medical sciences and pharmacy, and computational
technology. And they are considered as incorporated nanoparticle\souts
drugs or biologics (1-100s nm) to provide either enhanced targeting,
diminished toxicity, or otherwise augmented efficacy of imaging or
therapeutic (B. Y. Kim, Rutka, & Chan,
2010). The interactions of nanomaterials with biological targets (at
the level of molecules, cells, organs, etc.) are dependent on complex
interactions between the adjustable attributes of the particles and the
largely irrepressible attributes of the circumambient media. The
physical characteristics of the nanomaterials, such as size and shape of
particles as well as their functional groups are key factors that
influence the parameter of their performance such as the cellular
uptake, the degree of protein adsorption, biodistribution patterns or
the mechanisms of their clearance (Nel et
al., 2009; Pelaz et al., 2017).
The current nanodrugs are mainly involved in the enhanced permeability
and retention effect (Maeda, 2015). The
nanomaterials generally enhance their accumulation in ischemic tissue,
or inflamed organ by adsorption of their specific surface ligands, such
as aptamer, antigen, protein, etc.
(Albanese, Tang, & Chan, 2012).
Modifications in some parameters, including pH
(Sato, Yoshida, Takahashi, & Anzai,
2011), temperature (Jun-Hyun Kim & Lee,
2004), the addition of certain enzymes
(De La Rica, Aili, & Stevens, 2012), and
redox potential (Luo et al., 2011) can be
used to adjust the controlled release of these types of drugs. Moreover,
nanomedicines are able to bypass membranes or even the blood-brain
barrier and allow the distribution of drugs to the target tissue at high
concentrations. The knowledge of nanodrugs application in
medicine\sout, creates novel approaches in developing implantable
materials, directed diagnosis, and therapeutic for the treatment of
cancer, wound healing, etc.