Mechanisms of aging at the molecular, cellular, and tissue
levels
Considering that aging is the major risk factor for age-associated
diseases, discovering the molecular processes of aging is extremely
critical for maintaining the health of communities and individuals.
In-depth researches throughout the years have increased the knowledge
about \souton aging that incorporated various assessments, such as
metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, detection of the
macromolecular damages, and induction of stress response pathways, which
are linked to the aging and age-associated diseases (Figure
1 )(Russo et al., 2020). Maintenance of
telomere biology, DNA repair, antioxidant mechanism, detoxification,
autophagy, protein unfolding response, and proteasome protein
degradation are crucial mechanisms that promote maintenance of genome
stability, metabolic homeostasis, proteostasis, ultimate cellular and
organismal function, and survival. The inefficacy of these restoration
processes can trigger the incidence of aging and its consequent
pathogenesis while boosting the protection processes postpone the
process of aging and its associated damages. Thus, inhibition of their
failure or improvement of their efficiency can be inspired for the
design of the screening platform for anti-aging compounds resources
(López-Otín et al., 2013).
Nanotechnology, the most forthcoming technology of the twenty-first
century, is a remarkable part of science that covers the design,
production, characterization, and application of materials, tools, and
systems at the nanoscale (Romig Jr et
al., 2007). The nanotechnology application in different aspects of
medicine provides opportunities to investigate the biological systems at
the subtlest levels, causing a higher perception of the mechanisms
behind the diseases. In addition, it provides tools for more precise and
real-time diagnoses of diseases, targeted drug delivery, new approaches
in various kinds of tissue regeneration
(Luxenhofer, Barz, & Schillmeier, 2014).