Nanomaterial with anti-inflammatory activity
Despite many studies on factors and pathways affecting human aging, the
molecular mechanisms that link the process of aging to diseases have not
been systematically explored (Dimmeler &
Nicotera, 2013). Recent evidence reflects that the pro-inflammatory
gene induction and related inflammatory pathways activation are critical
causative triggers in aging and several age-related diseases
(Chung, Sung, Jung, Zou, & Yu, 2006).
Many studies confirmed the direct link between inflammatory pathways and
aging. Based on this hypothesis, redox stress leads to age-associated
alterations. This imbalance of cellular redox is incorporated by the
immune system perturbation, hormonal changes, and also modifications on
a cell’s DNA or histones and gene expression subsequently as well as
telomere shortening contributes to elevated inflammation in aging
(Fougère, Boulanger, Nourhashémi,
Guyonnet, & Cesari, 2016).
Based on in vitro and in vivo studies on senescence state,
the increased generation of some of the important pro-inflammatory
proteins, such as COX-derived RS is confirmed and also elevated
expressions of TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-6, genes, COX-2, iNOS, and others like
AMs (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-, E-selectin) are also have been detected
(Chien et al., 2011;
Chung et al., 2009, Chung, 2011 ).
Studies on human models have illustrated that aging is associated with
incremental levels of IL-6, IL-1, TNF-a, CRP in plasma accompanied by
high numbers of inflammatory cells (neutrophil, monocytes)
(Bruunsgaard, 2006). According to the
recent medical investigations, chronic systemic inflammation has a
central and remarkable role in the initiation and progression of the
age-dependent complications (Figure 2 ), such as dementia,
atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cancers, osteoporosis, sarcopenia,
etc. (Olivieri, Rippo, Procopio, &
Fazioli, 2013). Although each disease is characterized by various
inflammatory molecular factors, the fundamental mechanisms of the
pro-inflammatory mediated process, including cytokines, chemokines, and
other signaling molecules, are rather identical
(Chung et al., 2009).
The current anti-inflammatory drugs mainly have steroidal structures,
such as prednisone, betamethasone, and dexamethasone, while
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications have shown lower efficacy,
such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen
(Ghlichloo & Gerriets, 2019).