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Table 1 Main mechanisms/pathways initiating the development of age-related diseases. Abbreviations: IIS (Insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling), TOR (Target-of-rapamycin(, MAPK (5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase), CRP (C-reactive protein), PDs (Parkinson’s disease), ROS (Reactive oxygen species), DDR (DNA damage response), RANKL (Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand)