Definition of Biliary Complications
Physical examination findings, biochemical parameters, ultrasonography (US), multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and ERCP were used to identify and classify biliary complications following LDH. All of the components listed below are regarded as postoperative biliary complications: (i) radiologic diagnosis of fluid collection suggesting perihepatic bilioma in LLDs with cholangitis or abscess formation with abdominal pain, fever, chills or rarely, bilioma incidentally detected in LLDs without clinical findings (ii) prolonged biliary fluid drainage from surgically inserted drainage tube more than 5 days after the LDH, (iii) prolonged postoperative elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and bilirubin levels, or a new onset postoperative elevation of the afore mentioned tests (iv) diagnosis of biliary peritonitis with acute abdominal findings.