2.2 | Inclusion criteria
(1) Participants: premature infants diagnosed with NRDS (gestational age, <37 weeks).
(2) Research type: published clinical RCTs written in English.
(3) Intervention measures: the intervention group applied MISA techniques for surfactant delivery, whereas the control group applied endotracheal instillation.
(4) One or more of the following outcomes was measured in the literature: the mortality rate, the requirement for mechanical ventilation, or the presence of any other neonatal morbidity.