3.1 Flower opening time
Flowering pattern observation was conducted in Joetsu, Ishigaki, Nay Pyi Taw, Los Baños, and Subang under the condition that there was great variation in average daily maximum temperature during heading (Table 1; Table S2). In Joetsu, Ishigaki, Los Baños, and Subang, FOT50 was significantly earlier in IR64+qEMF3 than IR64 in each of the tested sites, ranging from 1.9 h to 3.5 h in IR64+qEMF3 and 3.7 h to 4.6 h in IR64 on the basis of time after dawn (Table 2). FOT90 was also significantly earlier in IR64+qEMF3 than in IR64, ranging from 2.5 h to 4.0 h in IR64+qEMF3 and 4.2 h to 5.0 h in IR64 (Table 2). The genotype difference in the average of FOT50 and of FOT90 across locations was –1.5 h and –1.2 h, respectively (Table 2). In Nay Pyi Taw, flowering pattern observation conducted under a wide range of average daily maximum temperatures for seven crop seasons also showed significantly earlier FOT in IR64+qEMF3 than IR64 (Table S2).