2.3 Agronomic traits, grain yield, and yield components
At maturity, agronomic traits such as plant height (from ground level to the tip of panicles), panicle length (from panicle neck to the tip of panicle), flag leaf length, and flag leaf width were measured using the longest tiller in a hill. Grain yield and yield components per plant were determined in Joetsu, Nay Pyi Taw, Los Baños, Coimbatore, and Subang. Note that only one replicate was designed in Subang, but 3–5 replicates in other sites (Table S1). Subsamples were prepared for selecting filled grains by an air-blower or water method and for subsequent determination of one thousand grain weight (1000GW). Selection of filled grains for seven yield trials in Nay Pyi Taw was consistently conducted by water method. Grain yield and 1000 GW were expressed based on 14% moisture content. Grain length, width, and thickness were measured with a digital caliper (SINWA Sokutei, Sanjo, Niigata, Japan) using the grains harvested in Joetsu, Ishigaki, and Nay Pyi Taw.