References:
[1] Baskin L S, Ebbers M B. Hypospadias: anatomy, etiology, and
technique. Journal of pediatric surgery, 2006, 41(3): 463-72.
[2] Sørensen H T, Pedersen L, Nørgaard M, et al. Maternal asthma,
preeclampsia and risk of hypospadias. Epidemiology, 2005, 16(6): 806-7.
[3] Lucas J, Hightower T, Weiss D A, et al. Time to Complication
Detection after Primary Pediatric Hypospadias Repair: A Large,
Single-Center, Retrospective Cohort Analysis. J Urol, 2020,
101097ju0000000000000762.
[4] Brouwers M M, Feitz W F, Roelofs L A, et al. Risk factors for
hypospadias. Eur J Pediatr, 2007, 166(7): 671-8.
[5] Roberts C L, Ford J B, Algert C S, et al. Population-based
trends in pregnancy hypertension and pre-eclampsia: an international
comparative study. BMJ Open, 2011, 1(1): e000101.
[6] Yinon Y, Kingdom J C, Proctor L K, et al. Hypospadias in males
with intrauterine growth restriction due to placental insufficiency: the
placental role in the embryogenesis of male external genitalia. Am J Med
Genet A, 2010, 152a(1): 75-83.
[7] Van Zutphen A R, Werler M M, Browne M M, et al. Maternal
hypertension, medication use, and hypospadias in the National Birth
Defects Prevention Study. Obstet Gynecol, 2014, 123(2 Pt 1): 309-17.
[8] Arendt L H, Henriksen T B, Lindhard M S, et al. Hypertensive
Disorders of Pregnancy and Genital Anomalies in Boys: A Danish
Nationwide Cohort Study . Epidemiology, 2018, 29(5): 739-48.
[9] Culver J C, Dickinson M E. The effects of hemodynamic force on
embryonic development. Microcirculation, 2010, 17(3): 164-78.
[10] Mayhew T M, Charnock-Jones D S, Kaufmann P. Aspects of human
fetoplacental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. III. Changes in
complicated pregnancies. Placenta, 2004, 25(2-3): 127-39.
[11] Agopian A J, Hoang T T, Mitchell L E, et al. Maternal
hypertension and risk for hypospadias in offspring. Am J Med Genet A,
2016, 170(12): 3125-32.
[12] Sheriff F R, Lopez A, Lupo P J, et al. Maternal hypertension
and hypospadias in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Birth Defects Res, 2019, 111(1): 9-15.
[13] Andersen S L, Olsen J, Wu C S, et al. Severity of birth defects
after propylthiouracil exposure in early pregnancy. Thyroid, 2014,
24(10): 1533-40.
[14] Laurberg P, Andersen S L. Therapy of endocrine disease:
antithyroid drug use in early pregnancy and birth defects: time windows
of relative safety and high risk?. Eur J Endocrinol, 2014, 171(1):
R13-20.
[15] Hussain N, Chaghtai A, Herndon C D, et al. Hypospadias and
early gestation growth restriction in infants. Pediatrics, 2002, 109(3):
473-8.
[16] Massaro P A, MacLellan D L, Anderson P A, et al. Does
intracytoplasmic sperm injection pose an increased risk of genitourinary
congenital malformations in offspring compared to in vitro
fertilization? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol, 2015,
193(5 Suppl): 1837-42.
[17] Fisch H, Golden R J, Libersen G L, et al. Maternal age as a
risk factor for hypospadias. The Journal of urology, 2001, 165(3):
934-6.