Abstract
Background: The prevalence of hypertensive disorder in
pregnancy has been well-documented worldwide. In Chinese newborns, the
risk of hypospadias in women with hypertension during
pregnancy remains ambiguous. This study aimed to evaluate the
relationship between hypertension in pregnancy and neonatal
hypospadias based on a large sample of Chinese people.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at our
hospital from 2015 to 2019. Mothers who delivered male infants with
hypospadias or those without any malformations were enrolled. Factors
such as hypertension, placenta previa, thyroid diseases, hepatitis B,
obesity, multiple birth, amniotic fluid, gestational age, birth weight,
and in vitro fertilization were collected to establish a
regression analysis to assess risk factors for hypospadias.
Results: In total, 41,490 mothers and 42,244 male infants were
enrolled. The overall incidence of hypospadias was 0.23%. The
occurrence rate of hypospadias in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
group was higher than control group (0.944% vs. 0.186%, RR 5.08),
whereas the occurrence rate in chronic hypertension group was 0%.
Potential exposure factors were screened for hypospadias, and PIH,
multiple birth, hyperthyroidism, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and
small for gestational age (SGA) were found to have higher proportion of
hypospadias in offspring. After adjustment for potential confounders in
themultivariate regression analysis, PIH (OR: 2.437, 95%CI:
1.478–4.016, P<0.01), birth weight (OR: 0.852, 95%CI:
0.795–0.912, P<0.01), and SGA (OR: 3.282, 95%CI:
1.644–6.549, P<0.01) showeda significant relationship with
hypospadias.
Conclusion: Women with PIH had higher risks of hypospadias in
offspring. Lower birth weight, SGA and hyperthyroidism were also
statistically associated with hypospadias.