Conclusions:
Hoarseness in children may be underestimated as it may reflect both the
presence of speech problems (i.e., letter articulation and stuttering)
and the presence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). In this study,
hoarseness was assumed on the basis of parental complaints, hence
further research with diagnoses based on clinical assessment is needed
to understand the magnitude of the hoarseness problem and its
consequences in children.