Statistical Analysis
Summary statistics were calculated using standard methods. Multivariable mixed effects ordered logistic models were employed using self-reported frequencies across symptom categories. The primary modeling framework included an interaction of peri-surgical time point and pain management protocol, adjusted for age, race, gender, body-mass index (BMI), history of intravenous (IV) drug use, and use of pain medications at home around the surgical window. Graphs were drawn using marginal estimates from fully adjusted models. Due to limited data in some response categories, results were presented for participants reporting “none” or “some” symptom occurrences at each time point. Furthermore, for some outcomes, absence of variation in the data would not allow for model convergence, so these outcomes are omitted from reported results. There was no reason to assume missing data were not missing at random (NMAR). The missing at random (MAR) assumptions of the mixed models utilized in analyses were deemed valid. All statistical analyses were completed using Stata v16.1.