Limitations
This study has certain limitations. First, it was a retrospective study
and had a small number of patients. Second, the chemical analysis of the
stones was not undertaken. Third, stone cultures were not included in
the study. Although the effect of PAP and preoperative antimicrobial
treatment remains uncertain, it is essential to identify high-risk
patients, take an intraoperative culture, and perform infection control
more carefully according to the results in order to prevent serious
infection complications. Therefore, well designed prospective studies
with larger case series are required to confirm the results of the
current study.