Conclusions
Bufo gargarizans is a
genetically diverse species distributed broadly across East and
Northeast Asia. Our study uncovers the presence of a new clade
restricted to Northeast Asia. We demonstrate the complex genetic pattern
of this species, where most of the genetic divergence is not associated
with geographic regions. We suggest that this pattern is a result of
multiple influences—robust dispersal abilities resulting from
ecological characteristics, anthropogenic influence of translocation,
geologic activity, and glacial cycles of the Pleistocene. We highlight
the complex geologic and climatic history of Northeast Asia and
encourage further research to understand its impact on the biodiversity
in the region.