IV. B. gargarizans in Northeast Asia
We performed additional analyses focusing on samples from Northeast
Asia. To examine the relationships between samples and allow for
reticulation, a haplotype network was built for the mtDNA data
(ND2 ) using HapStar v.0.7 (Teacher & Griffiths, 2011). The
median-joining network was constructed using Network v.5.0.1. (Bandelt,
Forster & Röhl, 1999, fluxus-engineering.com). NuDNA was not included
because these data showed low variation and poor resolution. Population
genetic analyses were performed on the same ND2 dataset. The
parameters calculated were the number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity
(ℎ), and nucleotide diversity (π) (Nei, 1987) using DnaSP v5.0 (Librado
& Rozas, 2009). Additionally, we conducted an analysis of molecular
variance (AMOVA) to determine the hierarchical genetic structure among
populations using Arlequin v.3.5 (Excoffier & Lischer, 2010).