IV. B. gargarizans in Northeast Asia
We performed additional analyses focusing on samples from Northeast Asia. To examine the relationships between samples and allow for reticulation, a haplotype network was built for the mtDNA data (ND2 ) using HapStar v.0.7 (Teacher & Griffiths, 2011). The median-joining network was constructed using Network v.5.0.1. (Bandelt, Forster & Röhl, 1999, fluxus-engineering.com). NuDNA was not included because these data showed low variation and poor resolution. Population genetic analyses were performed on the same ND2 dataset. The parameters calculated were the number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity (ℎ), and nucleotide diversity (π) (Nei, 1987) using DnaSP v5.0 (Librado & Rozas, 2009). Additionally, we conducted an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to determine the hierarchical genetic structure among populations using Arlequin v.3.5 (Excoffier & Lischer, 2010).