Plant materials
Both the invasive and native species selected are perennial herbaceous climbing vines that have green photosynthetic stems year round. The stems of all these species can be used for vegetative reproduction. Vigorous stems of the invasive species M. micrantha and the native species (Pharbitis nil , Paederia scandens ,Pueraria lobata ) were collected from wild populations near the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China, and cultivated as raw plant materials for subsequent culture.