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\begin{document}

\title{Monitoring ecosystem restoration of multiple surface coal mine sites in
China via Landsat images on Google Earth Engine}



\author[1]{Huihui Wangh}%
\author[1]{Miaomiao Xie}%
\author[1]{Hanting Li}%
\author[1]{Qianqian Feng}%
\author[1]{Cui Zhang}%
\affil[1]{China University of Geosciences Beijing}%


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  \date{May 07, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The restoration of surface mining is a key to meet the global ecosystem
restoration target. With increased data accessibility and computing tool
capabilities, it becomes possible to expand mine restoration monitoring
from single mine sites to multiple mine sites on a large scale. This
study constructed a new index, Mine Landscape Restoration Index (MLRI),
by coupling Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Enhanced Vegetation Index
(EVI) to simultaneously monitor the restoration of regional multiple
mine sites. We analyze historical and future trends of restoration using
Mann-Kendall test, Sen' slope, and Hurst exponent for MLRI time series.
The restoration effects of 46 surface coal mine sites located in the
northwestern ecologically fragile region of China from 2000 to 2019 were
assessed, based on 3675 Landsat images on Google Earth Engine. The
results showed that MLRI was effective in identifying restoration areas
and processes in surface mine sites, which was validated by
high-resolution images and field investigation of mine samples. The
restoration area overall percentage was significantly higher in mines
started mining before 2000 than after 2000. According to the restoration
effects, we clustered the 46 sites into high, medium, and low
restoration area percentage clusters with 13, 11, and 22 mine sites,
respectively. Individual clusters have aggregation characteristics
within each mine region, but are distributed irregularly across the
different six mine regions. This study provides a new approach to
monitoring the restoration of surface coal mine sites and inform
government managers in developing mine restoration programs and
sustainable mining development plans.%
\end{abstract}%



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