Flexible endoscopy
FE-NIV performed in the following routes.
  1. For infants with invasive airways (ET or tracheostomy tube), FE proceeded directly via the invasive airway checking lumens inside and beyond the tip. Then, extubated and did FE again as below.
  2. For infants without invasive airway (or after extubation), FE was performed via the nostril (left) and examined down to all-approachable distal bronchial lumens.
  3. Finally, the scope withdrew back to pharynx, re-cannulated and assessed the esophagus and stomach.
After FE-NIV assessment, infants remained in the ICU care for consequent clinical management.