Methods
Patients enrollment
Patients with PICM were continuous enrolled from January 2018 to January 2020 in the first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University. The clinical data, including echocardiographic examination parameters, ECG measurements, and NYHA classification, were assessed before and after an HBP upgrade.
PICM was defined as RVP dependence (RVP>40%) and new onset LVEF decreases >10% from baseline resulting in an LVEF of ≤40% without other identifiable causes. Patients with other identifiable causes of heart failure, including myocardial infarction, severe valvular heart disease, arrhythmia-related cardiomyopathy, and long-term uncontrolled hypertension were excluded. Permanent AF refers to AF in which cardioversion has failed and AF that has been sustained for more than 1 year.