Place-based management and planning
Implementing new management plans for the sustainable use of ocean resources requires consideration and coordination of many interacting factors (Jentoft 2000; Leslie et al. 2015; Finkbeiner et al. 2017). It needs input from academia, industry, governments, civil societies, and markets. It demands a renewed focus on implementation, through the creation of place-based management (Leenhardt et al. 2015; Finkbeiner et al. 2017; Mikalsen and Jentoft 2001). Effective place-based management is conditional on the assessment of local conditions. This assessment facilitates the integration of social, cultural and local knowledge, needs and beliefs, and scientific understandings (Actions 1, 2, 30, 32, 33). Examples from the Philippines, Chile, and Mexico showcase such effective place-based management (e.g. Basurto 2005; Gelcich et al. 2007; Gelcich 2010; Kittinger et al. 2013; Pomeroy 2013; Purcell and Pomeroy 2015). Furthermore, resourcing the creation and implementation of comprehensive, integrated management plans has motivated innovative funding arrangements, for example, public-private arrangements such as cost recovery in Australia’s New South Wales Rock Lobster Fishery (NSW Government 1994), Canadian fisheries royalty system and aquaculture fees in Norway (Action 5). Auditing of plans and outcomes can be routinely undertaken by governments, environmental NGOs or due to public pressure. In Chile, a Territorial User Rights in Fisheries (TURF) approach has been applied which is a co-management approach which granted exclusive territorial rights to artisanal fishers (Castilla 1994). This approach has been extended by a management policy which fostered the targeted management of specific species within a defined regions, via a management committee, involving different stakeholders such as fisheries, industry and government representatives (Gelcich 2014). The Management Plan policy and its application in TURF environments in Chile have provided a framework for successful access to local and global markets, monitoring, compliance, and auditing (Gelcich 2014) (Actions 3,5,6,11).