Clear transparent communication and stakeholder engagement
More work is needed to find a common ground and agreement on what MPAs
will constitute beyond national jurisdictions. Misunderstanding of
terminology (e.g. MPA definition) or misinterpretation of legal terms
can lead to ineffective MPAs, conflict and exploitation. Further
discussions need to also focus on whether a broader MSP approach is
needed to provide the framework for these MPAs on a global scale. Clear
communication builds stronger relationships and shared understanding of
common key principles such as the precautionary principle. Transparent
sharing of knowledge and data fosters a more trusting environment, which
can aid in negotiations. The Business-as-usua l scenario
illustrates that there is clearly more work needed to aid the process of
negotiating in the international political arena.
There needs to be improved engagement with traditional owners and
custodians of sea country all around the world as currently this is
undertaken at a formal level and the knowledge and practices are not
fully taken into consideration (Fischer et al. 2020 this issue; Mustonen
et al 2020; this issue). It is also important to address the injustice
indigenous and traditional people are facing from colonization’s such as
loss of political domination, loss of territory and cultural imposition
(Fischer et al. 2020 this issue; Mustonen et al. 2020; this issue; Moore
2016). The planning and implementation of MPAs and other area-based
management measures need to be based on fair, transparent, and inclusive
decision-making frameworks that ensure biodiversity and equity goals are
considered (Alexander et al. 2020 this issue). It is essential that the
communities relying on and benefitting from MPAs are engaged and
included in the management and decision-making process.