Climate change
For global oceans governance to be improved, the concept of climate change and the potential impacts on the environment needs to be accepted as a critical focus for nation states. Sustainable approaches to ocean and marine resources management cannot work without some effort being placed into combatting the sources of climate change. Fisheries have been highly impacted by climate change through biodiversity redistribution (Pecl et al. 2017). Further evidence suggests that fisheries productivity will decline in response to climate change throughout most of the world’s oceans (Cheung et al. 2010). Establishing a global networks of MPAs that span biogeographic regions and include a series of MPAs with multiple ecosystems (inshore, nearshore, deep sea) and be linked to adjacent MPAs by larval dispersal and protect accessible habitats to which adults move (across depth gradients and latitudes) are essential to promote ecological spatial connectivity, by protecting the feeding, breeding and migration areas for transient species. A global network of MPAs with their full component of trophic levels and greater genetic and species diversity, are likely to be more resilient to climate change and could be essential tools in climate adaptation (Smith 2020).