Clear transparent communication and stakeholder engagement
More work is needed to find a common ground and agreement on what MPAs will constitute beyond national jurisdictions. Misunderstanding of terminology (e.g. MPA definition) or misinterpretation of legal terms can lead to ineffective MPAs, conflict and exploitation. Further discussions need to also focus on whether a broader MSP approach is needed to provide the framework for these MPAs on a global scale. Clear communication builds stronger relationships and shared understanding of common key principles such as the precautionary principle. Transparent sharing of knowledge and data fosters a more trusting environment, which can aid in negotiations. The Business-as-usua l scenario illustrates that there is clearly more work needed to aid the process of negotiating in the international political arena.
There needs to be improved engagement with traditional owners and custodians of sea country all around the world as currently this is undertaken at a formal level and the knowledge and practices are not fully taken into consideration (Fischer et al. 2020 this issue; Mustonen et al 2020; this issue). It is also important to address the injustice indigenous and traditional people are facing from colonization’s such as loss of political domination, loss of territory and cultural imposition (Fischer et al. 2020 this issue; Mustonen et al. 2020; this issue; Moore 2016). The planning and implementation of MPAs and other area-based management measures need to be based on fair, transparent, and inclusive decision-making frameworks that ensure biodiversity and equity goals are considered (Alexander et al. 2020 this issue). It is essential that the communities relying on and benefitting from MPAs are engaged and included in the management and decision-making process.