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Legal
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Global oceans governance structure: multi-centric governance, global
and regional agreements and treaties (e.g. regional fisheries
management organisation, Internal Seabed Authority, International
Maritime Organisation, BBNJ treaty). (-/+)
Misunderstanding of terminology (e.g. MPA definition) or
misinterpretation of legal terms (e.g. different interpretation of
‘rational use’ in the CCAMLR Convention). (-)
Restricted ability of states to enforce global and regional
conventions/treaties at a national level. (-)
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Political
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International agreement on the concept of MPAs as a tool to conserve
and sustainably manage marine resources (+)
Clearly articulated global targets with measurable outcomes (e.g.
Aichi Target 11) (+)
Willingness of states to cooperate for a common goal (-/+)
Rising level of great power geopolitical contestation (-)
Rising domestic populist politics and distrust of international
institutions (-)
A small number of dominant states highly influence ocean governance
(i.e. US, Russia, China, Japan) e.g. China’s dominance in the South
China Sea (-)
Dominant states acting as blockers, laggards, slip streamers in the
international environmental arena (e.g. Russia and China continue to
delay the Ross Sea Monitoring research and monitoring plan and block
other Southern Ocean MPA proposals) (-)
Changing global political arena towards deglobalisation (e.g. the
impact on EU fisheries with Brexit) and political agendas influencing
decision-making (e.g. US change in power from Obama to Trump has
affected political agendas regarding ocean issues) (-)
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Technological Advances
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Satellite surveillance for fisheries compliance (+)
Offshore aquaculture (-)
Monitoring of ocean conditions (+)
Offshore infrastructure (-)
Deep seabed mining (-)
Materials technology allowing increasing utilisation of offshore
global marine estate (-)
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Environmental Issues
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Climate change impacts (-)
Overfishing (-)
Other anthropogenic derived impacts such as pollution, mining, etc (-)
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Social
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Demands on the oceans to provide an improved standard of living (-)
Concerns for Food security (+)
Global population increase (-)
Growth and influence of social media platforms and increased access to
information via social media (+).
The younger generations may be more proactive in influencing a change
in attitudes towards climate change in the future compared to current
climate change policies (+)
Demands for fairness/justice (+)
Changes in dietary preferences: meat to fish to vegan (+)
Increasing wealth leads to increase in consumption (-) and standards
(+0 e.g. pole caught tuna.
Commercial use of Krill in krill oil as nutritional supplements (+/-)
Loss of traditional rights and uses (-)
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Economic
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The cost of unpriced resources, how to put a value on unpriced
resources, the cost of MPAs to the global community etc (-)
A few key dominant states highly influence the World’s economy e.g. US
and China (+)
Unfair distribution of oceans resources between developing and
developed states e.g. 97% of industrial fishing activity on the high
seas was undertaken by vessels flagged to higher income countries. (-)
Expansion of blue economy activity (+/-)
Non-market valuation (-)
Environmental accounting (-).
Availability of culturally appropriate economic analysis (-).
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