Conclusion
In conclusion, this empirical study investigated the distribution and migration of the microbiota among the biotopes of soil, phyllosphere and faece through the systematic survey. Our findings demonstrated that the type of biotopes led the microbial variation. The fungal richness of soil was the highest while the fungal and bacterial richness of faeces was the lowest among the biotopes. All the biotopes showed distinct microbiota as for β-diversity and composition. Soil performed its potential of the microbial source of phyllosphere for fungi, bacteria and archaea. However, only Ascomycota belonging to fungi definitely migrated across all the three biotopes. This fungal migration made the microbial network of the ecosystem less resilient but more resistant. Overall, various biotopes of soil, phyllosphere and faeces harboured microbiotas of distinct discrepancy while soil was the microbial reservoir of phyllosphere, and the fungal migration linked all the biotopes. This study provides new insight to clarify the connection and interaction of the biotopes and better understand how to maintain the stability and sustainable of ecosystems with the ongoing ecological and environmental changes.