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\begin{document}

\title{Effective number of white shark (\emph{Carcharodon carcharias},
Linneaus) breeders is stable over four successive years in the
population adjacent to eastern Australia and New Zealand}



\author[1]{Danielle Davenport}%
\author[2]{Paul Butcher}%
\author[3]{Sara Andreotti}%
\author[3]{Conrad A. Matthee}%
\author[4]{Andrew Jones}%
\author[1]{Jennifer Ovenden}%
\affil[1]{The University of Queensland}%
\affil[2]{NSW Government}%
\affil[3]{Stellenbosch University}%
\affil[4]{The University of Queensland School of Biomedical Sciences}%


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  \date{May 04, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Population size is a central parameter for conservation, however
monitoring abundance is often problematic for threatened marine species.
Despite substantial investment in research, many marine species remain
data-poor resulting in uncertain population forecasts and restricting
the evaluation of past and present conservation actions. Such is the
case for the white shark (\emph{Carcharodon carcharias}), a highly
mobile apex predator for whom population monitoring is a conservation
priority following substantial declines recorded through the 20th
century. Here, we estimate the effective number of breeders that
successfully contribute offspring in one reproductive cycle (Nb)
providing a snapshot of recent reproductive effort in an east-Australian
New Zealand population of white shark. Nb was estimated over four
consecutive age cohorts (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013) using two genetic
estimators (linkage-disequilibrium; LD and sibship assignment; SA) based
on genetic data derived from two types of genetic markers
(single-nucleotide-polymorphisms; SNPs and microsatellite loci). While
estimates of Nb using different marker types produced comparable
estimates, microsatellite loci were the least precise. The LD and SA
estimates of Nb within cohorts using SNPs were comparable, for example
the 2013 age-cohort Nb(SA) was 289 (95\%CI 200-461) and Nb(LD) was 208.5
(95\%CI 116.4-712.7). We show that over the time period studied Nb was
stable and ranged between 206.1(\selectlanguage{ngerman}±45.9) and 252.0(±46.7) per year using a
combined estimate of Nb(SA+LD) from SNP loci, and a simulation approach
showed that in this population effective population size (Ne) per
generation can be expected to be larger than Nb per reproductive cycle.
This study demonstrates how breeding population size can be monitored
over time to provide insight into the effectiveness of recovery and
conservation measures for the white shark, where the methods described
here may be applicable to other data-poor species of conservation
concern.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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