Participants and eligibility
The trial Patients who presented to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital between December 2018 and September 2019 were screened by gynecologists and anesthesiologists for recruitment into the trial. Individuals 18–65 years of age were eligible if they met the following criteria: (1) had had an elective gynaecologic laparoscopic surgery in the form of simple procedure (defined as cystectomy or myomectomy or hysterectomies +/−bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy); (2) were designated under ASA classification I–II; and (3) provided signed informed consent. The exclusion criteria included (1) a preoperative albumin blood concentration < 30 g/L; (2) weight loss > 10% during the 6 months preceding surgery; (3) having undergone emergency surgery; (4) and manifesting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) contraindications that included peptic ulcer, a history of allergic reactions to NSAIDs; and aspirin-induced asthma.