Co-morbidities associated with airway malacia
Fifty-eight (89.2%) patients had other co-morbidities associated with airway malacias. Type of airway malacia and association with other conditions was shown in Table 5 . Congenital lung disease includes congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital lobar emphysema and mature cystic teratoma. Of 3 (4.6%) oesophageal atresia, 2 were associated with TOF, while one was isolated. Four patients (6.2%) had both GERD and swallow dysfunction. Diagnosis of dysmorphic patients were Down Syndrome, Pierre Robin Syndrome, DiGeorge Syndrome, Silver Russell Syndrome, Noonan Syndrome, VACTERL association and Chromosome 14q Terminal Deletion Syndrome. Eight (12.3%) patients were classified as primary idiopathic airway malacia. Twenty-two (33.8%) patients were born before 37 weeks and eight of them had a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Forty-six patients with malacia (70.8%) had a paediatric and/or neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization history. Among those patients with ICU hospitalization history, 31 (67.3%) patients had invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) and one (2.1%) had non-invasive MV treatment.