Figure legends
Figure 1. Meteorological data of the experimental plot in Apple Research
Institute, Gunwi (lat. 36.28°N, long. 128.47°E). (a) Change in daily
minimum, mean, maximum temperature during May of 2018. (b) Comparison of
daily mean temperature to 10-year annual mean.
Figure 2. Results of UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of young apple fruit/pedicel
mixed tissues undergoing abscission. (a) Volcano plot (positive : top,
negative : bottom) (b) List of metabolites detected with a criteria ofp < .05 and |log2 fold change|
> 1.
Figure 3. The morphological change of an excised Hongro/M9 apple tree
subunit after ex-vivo cold shock followed by 168 hr of incubation
at 25 °C. (a) Comparison of AZ containing pedicel tissues. (left: normal
(before the incubation), middle: treatment (cold shock followed by the
incubation), right: control (after the incubation). (b, c) Transmission
electron microscopic images of the AZ cortical cells at proximal tissues
in pedicel. Samples were observed with a LIBRA 120 transmission electron
microscope at an acceleration voltage of 120 kV, magnification with 4 k
(left, middle) and 6.3 k (right). (b) Treatment (168 hr of incubation
following initial 2 hr of cold shock). (c) Control (168 hr after
incubation without cold shock). Arrows indicate the development of
cytoplasmic vesicles.
Figure 4. Spatial expression patterns of genes involved in ABA hormone
biosynthesis, catabolism, and signal transduction in the cold-stressed
apple subunit consisting of fruit, branch and pedicel.MDP0000336547 was used for reference gene. Data are mean ±
standard error (6 ≤ n ≤ 8). * indicate significant difference in
relative expression between cold treatment and control at p< .05.
Figure 5. Spatial expression patterns of genes involved in (a) cold, (b)
drought, and (c) the AZ formation in the cold-stressed apple subunit
consisting of a branch, pedicel and fruit. MDP0000336547 was used
for reference gene. Data are mean ± standard error (6 ≤ n ≤ 8). *
indicate significant difference in relative expression between cold
treatment and control at p < .05.
Figure 6. Spatial expression patterns of genes involved in hormone
metabolism: (a) ethylene, (b) auxin, and (c) gibberellin in the
cold-stressed apple subunit consisting of branch, pedicel and fruit.MDP0000336547 was used for reference gene. Data are mean ±
standard error (6 ≤ n ≤ 8). * indicate significant difference in
relative expression between cold treatment and control at p< .05.
Figure 7. Spatial expression patterns of genes involved in the metabolic
responses: (a) cold response, (b) ABA transport, (c) ethylene
biosynthesis, and (d) cell wall modification in apple subunits
consisting of a branch, pedicel and fruit. Samples were grouped by
treatments as follows: Control (water); ABA (125 mg/L of ABA); Cold
(initial cold shock at 4 °C for 2 hr); Cold + ABA (125 mg/L ABA followed
by initial cold shock at 4 °C for 2 hr). MDP0000336547 was used
for reference gene. Data are mean ± standard error (n = 6).
Values with different letters differ significantly from each other atp < .05.
Figure 8. A scheme of the abscission signals induced by cold-stress in
early developing apple.