References
Adair, K. L., & Douglas, A. E. (2017). Making a microbiome: the many determinants of host-associated microbial community composition.Current Opinion in Microbiology , 35 , 23–29. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2016.11.002
Alberdi, A., Aizpurua, O., Bohmann, K., Zepeda-Mendoza, M. L., & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016). Do vertebrate gut metagenomes confer rapid ecological adaptation? Trends in Ecology and Evolution ,31 (9), 689–699. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.06.008
Amato, K. R., Leigh, S. R., Kent, A., Mackie, R. I., Yeoman, C. J., Stumpf, R. M., … Garber, P. A. (2014). The role of gut microbes in satisfying the nutritional demands of adult and juvenile wild, black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra ). American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 155 , 652–664. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22621
Anderson, M. J., Ellingsen, K. E., & McArdle, B. H. (2006). Multivariate dispersion as a measure of beta diversity. Ecology Letters , 9 (6), 683–693. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00926.x
Antwis, R. E., Lea, J. M. D., Unwin, B., & Shultz, S. (2018). Gut microbiome composition is associated with spatial structuring and social interactions in semi-feral Welsh Mountain ponies. Microbiome ,6 (1), 207. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0593-2
Balasubramaniam, K., Beisner, B., Guan, J., Vandeleest, J., Fushing, H., Atwill, E., & McCowan, B. (2018). Social network community structure and the contact-mediated sharing of commensal E. coli among captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta ). PeerJ , 1–30. doi:10.7717/peerj.4271
Bartoń, K. (2009). MuMIn: multi-model inference. R package. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=MuMIn
Biddle, A., Stewart, L., Blanchard, J., & Leschine, S. (2013). Untangling the genetic basis of fibrolytic specialization by Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae in diverse gut communities.Diversity , 5 (3), 627–640. doi:10.3390/d5030627
Bo, T. B., Zhang, X. Y., Kohl, K. D., Wen, J., Tian, S. J., & Wang, D. H. (2020). Coprophagy prevention alters microbiome, metabolism, neurochemistry, and cognitive behavior in a small mammal. ISME Journal . doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0711-6
Bradley, C. a, & Altizer, S. (2007). Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases. Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 22 (2), 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.001
Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Avoiding pitfalls when using information-theoretic methods. The Journal of Wildlife Management , 66 (3), 912–918.
Callahan, B. J., Mcmurdie, P. J., Rosen, M. J., Han, A. W., Johnson, A. J. A., & Holmes, S. P. (2016). dada2: high-resolution sample inference from illumina amplicon data, 13 (7). doi:10.1038/nMeth.3869
Catiling, P., Lucas, Z., & Freedman, B. (2009). Plants and insects new to Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Canadian Field-Naturalist ,123 (2), 141–145. doi:10.22621/cfn.v123i2.692
Cavender-Bares, J., Kozak, K. H., Fine, P. V. A., & Kembel, S. W. (2009). The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology.Ecology Letters , 12 (7), 693–715. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x
Chase, J. M., Kraft, N. J. B., Smith, K. G., Vellend, M., & Inouye, B. D. (2011). Using null models to disentangle variation in community dissimilarity from variation in α-diversity. Ecosphere ,2 (2). doi:10.1890/ES10-00117.1
Contasti, A. L., Tissier, E. J., Johnstone, J. F., & McLoughlin, P. D. (2012). Explaining spatial heterogeneity in population dynamics and genetics from spatial variation in resources for a large herbivore.PLoS ONE , 7 (10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047858
Contasti, A. L., Van Beest, F. M., Vander Wal, E., & McLoughlin, P. D. (2013). Identifying hidden sinks in growing populations from individual fates and movements: The feral horses of Sable Island. Journal of Wildlife Management , 77 (8), 1545–1552. doi:10.1002/jwmg.625
Costa, M. C., Silva, G., Ramos, R. V., Staempfli, H. R., Arroyo, L. G., Kim, P., & Weese, J. S. (2015). Characterization and comparison of the bacterial microbiota in different gastrointestinal tract compartments in horses. Veterinary Journal , 205 (1), 74–80. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.018
Costa, Marcio C, & Weese, J. S. (2012). The equine intestinal microbiome. Animal Health Research Reviews , 13 (1), 121–128. doi:10.1017/S1466252312000035
Cotillard, A., Kennedy, S. P., Kong, L. C., Prifti, E., Pons, N., Le Chatelier, E., … Layec, S. (2013). Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature , 500 (7464), 585–588. doi:10.1038/nature12480
Couch, C. E., Arnold, H. K., Crowhurst, R. S., Jolles, A. E., Sharpton, T. J., Witczak, M. F., … Beechler, B. R. (2020). Bighorn sheep gut microbiomes associate with genetic and spatial structure across a metapopulation. Scientific Reports , 10 (1), 1–10. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63401-0
Coyte, K. Z., Schluter, J., & Foster, K. R. (2015). The ecology of the microbiome: networks, competition, and stability. Science ,350 (6261), 663–666. doi:10.1126/science.aad2602
Crowley, P. H. (1981). Dispersal and the Stability of Predator-Prey Interactions. The American Naturalist , 118 (5), 673–701. doi:10.1086/283861
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., … Turnbaugh, P. J. (2014). Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature ,505 (7484), 559–563. doi:10.1038/nature12820
De La Torre, U., Henderson, J. D., Furtado, K. L., Pedroja, M., Elenamarie, O., Mora, A., … Mienaltowski, M. J. (2019). Utilizing the fecal microbiota to understand foal gut transitions from birth to weaning. PLoS ONE , 14 (4), 1–18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216211
Debeffe, L., Richard, E., Medill, S. A., Weisgerber, J. N., & McLoughlin, P. D. (2015). Costs of social dispersal in a polygynous mammal. Behavioral Ecology , 26 (6), 1476–1485. doi:10.1093/beheco/arv092
Deehan, E. C., & Walter, J. (2016). The fiber gap and the disappearing gut microbiome: implications for human nutrition. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism , 27 (5), 239–242. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.001
Dufour, D. L., & Sauther, M. L. (2002). Comparative and evolutionary dimensions of the energetics of human pregnancy and lactation.American Journal of Human Biology , 14 (5), 584–602. doi:10.1002/ajhb.10071
Edgar, R. C. (2004). MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research ,32 (5), 1792–7. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh340
Edwards, J. E., Shetty, S. A., van den Berg, P., Burden, F., van Doorn, D. A., Pellikaan, W. F., … Smidt, H. (2020). Multi-kingdom characterization of the core equine fecal microbiota based on multiple equine (sub)species. Animal Microbiome , 2 (1), 6. doi:10.1186/s42523-020-0023-1
Esquivel-Elizondo, S., Ilhan, Z. E., Garcia-Peña, E. I., & Krajmalnik-Brown, R. (2017). Insights into butyrate production in a controlled fermentation system via gene predictions. MSystems ,2 (4), 1–13. doi:10.1128/msystems.00051-17
Foster, K. R., Schluter, J., Coyte, K. Z., & Rakoff-Nahoum, S. (2017). The evolution of the host microbiome as an ecosystem on a leash.Nature , 548 (7665), 43–51. doi:10.1038/nature23292
Fountain-Jones, N. M., Clark, N. J., Kinsley, A. C., Carstensen, M., Forester, J., Johnson, T. J., … Craft, M. E. (2020). Microbial associations and spatial proximity predict North American moose (Alces alces ) gastrointestinal community composition.Journal of Animal Ecology , 89 (3), 817–828. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13154
Freedman, B. (2016). Sable Island : Explorations in Ecology & Biodiversity (2nd ed.). Markham, Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside.
Gering, J. C., & Crist, T. O. (2002). The alpha-beta-regional relationship: Providing new insights into local-regional patterns of species richness and scale dependence of diversity components.Ecology Letters , 5 (3), 433–444. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00335.x
Gloor, G. B., Macklaim, J. M., Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., & Egozcue, J. J. (2017). Microbiome datasets are compositional: and this is not optional.Frontiers in Microbiology , 8 , 2224. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02224
Goertz, S., de Menezes, A. B., Birtles, R. J., Fenn, J., Lowe, A. E., MacColl, A. D. C., … Taylor, C. H. (2019). Geographical location influences the composition of the gut microbiota in wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus ) at a fine spatial scale. PLoS ONE , 14 (9), 1–16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222501
Gold, S., Regan, C. E., McLoughlin, P. D., Gilleard, J. S., Wilson, A. J., & Poissant, J. (2019). Quantitative genetics of gastrointestinal strongyle burden and associated body condition in feral horses.International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife ,9 , 104–111. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.010
Greyson-Gaito, C. J., Bartley, T. J., Cottenie, K., Jarvis, W. M. C., Newman, A. E. M., & Stothart, M. R. (2020). Into the wild: Microbiome transplant studies need broader ecological reality. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 287 (1921). doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2834
Grosser, S., Sauer, J., Paijmans, A. J., Caspers, B. A., Forcada, J., Wolf, J. B. W., & Hoffman, J. I. (2019). Fur seal microbiota are shaped by the social and physical environment, show mother–offspring similarities and are associated with host genetic quality.Molecular Ecology , 28 (9), 2406–2422. doi:10.1111/mec.15070
Grueber, C. E., Nakagawa, S., Laws, R. J., & Jamieson, I. G. (2011). Multimodel inference in ecology and evolution: challenges and solutions.Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 24 , 699–711. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02210.x
Huang, X., Gao, J., Zhao, Y., He, M., Ke, S., Wu, J., … Huang, L. (2019). Dramatic remodeling of the gut microbiome around parturition and its relationship with host serum metabolic changes in sows.Frontiers in Microbiology , 10 , 1–12. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02123
Julliand, V., & Grimm, P. (2017). The impact of diet on the hindgut microbiome. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science , 52 , 23–28. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2017.03.002
Kartzinel, T. R., Hsing, J. C., Musili, P. M., Brown, B. R. P., & Pringle, R. M. (2019). Covariation of diet and gut microbiome in African megafauna. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 201905666. doi:10.1073/pnas.1905666116
Keck, F., Rimet, F., Bouchez, A., & Franc, A. (2016). phylosignal: an R package to measure, test, and explore the phylogenetic signal.Ecology and Evolution , 6 (9), 2774–2780. doi:10.1002/ece3.2051
Kembel, S. W., Cowan, P. D., Helmus, M. R., Cornwell, W. K., Morlon, H., Ackerly, D. D., … Webb, C. O. (2010). Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics ,26 (11), 1463–1464. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166
Knowles, S. C. L., Eccles, R. M., & Baltrūnaitė, L. (2019). Species identity dominates over environment in shaping the microbiota of small mammals. Ecology Letters , ele.13240. doi:10.1111/ele.13240
Kohl, K. D., Varner, J., Wilkening, J. L., & Dearing, M. D. (2018). Gut microbial communities of American pikas (Ochotona princeps ): evidence for phylosymbiosis and adaptations to novel diets.Journal of Animal Ecology , 87 (2), 323–330. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12692
Kozich, J. J., Westcott, S. L., Baxter, N. T., Highlander, S. K., & Schloss, P. D. (2013). Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 79 (17), 5112–5120. doi:10.1128/AEM.01043-13
Lee, M. A. (2018). A global comparison of the nutritive values of forage plants grown in contrasting environments. Journal of Plant Research , 131 (4), 641–654. doi:10.1007/s10265-018-1024-y
Lima, F. S., Oikonomou, G., Lima, S. F., Bicalho, M. L. S., Ganda, E. K., de Oliveira Filho, J. C., … Bicalho, R. C. (2015). Prepartum and postpartum rumen fluid microbiomes: Characterization and correlation with production traits in dairy cows. Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 81 (4), 1327–1337. doi:10.1128/AEM.03138-14
Linnenbrink, M., Wang, J., Hardouin, E. A., Künzel, S., Metzler, D., & Baines, J. F. (2013). The role of biogeography in shaping diversity of the intestinal microbiota in house mice. Molecular Ecology ,22 (7), 1904–1916. doi:10.1111/mec.12206
Lowe, W. H., & McPeek, M. A. (2014). Is dispersal neutral? Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 29 (8), 444–450. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2014.05.009
Lozupone, C. A., Hamady, M., Kelley, S. T., & Knight, R. (2007). Quantitative and qualitative beta diversity measures lead to different insights into factors that structure microbial communities.Applied and Environmental Microbiologyicrobiology , 73 (5), 1576–1585. doi:10.1128/AEM.01996-06
Lucas, Z. L., McLoughlin, P. D., Coltman, D. W., & Barber, C. (2009). Multiscale analysis reveals restricted gene flow and a linear gradient in heterozygosity for an island population of feral horses.Canadian Journal of Zoology , 87 (4), 310–316. doi:10.1139/Z09-019
Manning, J. A., & McLoughlin, P. D. (2017). Environmental and demographic drivers of male mating success vary across sequential reproductive episodes in a polygynous breeder. Ecology and Evolution , 9 (9), 5106–5117. doi:10.1002/ece3.5066
Marjamäki, P. H., Contasti, A. L., Coulson, T. N., & Mcloughlin, P. D. (2013). Local density and group size interacts with age and sex to determine direction and rate of social dispersal in a polygynous mammal.Ecology and Evolution , 3 (9), 3073–3082. doi:10.1002/ece3.694
Martin, M. (2011). Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet , 17 (1), 10–12.
Mayfield, M. M., & Levine, J. M. (2010). Opposing effects of competitive exclusion on the phylogenetic structure of communities.Ecology Letters , 13 (9), 1085–1093. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01509.x
McCord, A. I., Chapman, C. A., Weny, G., Tumukunde, A., Hyeroba, D., Klotz, K., … Goldberg, T. (2014). Fecal microbiomes of non‐human primates in western Uganda reveal species‐specific communities largely resistant to habitat perturbation. American Journal of Primatology , 76 . doi:10.1002/ajp.22238
McKenzie, V. J., Song, S. J., Delsuc, F., Prest, T. L., Oliverio, A. M., Korpita, T. M., … Knight, R. (2017). The effects of captivity on the mammalian gut microbiome. Integrative and Comparative Biology , 57 (4), 690–704. doi:10.1093/icb/icx090
Metcalf, J. L., Song, S. J., Morton, J. T., Weiss, S., Seguin-Orlando, A., Joly, F., … Orlando, L. (2017). Evaluating the impact of domestication and captivity on the horse gut microbiome.Scientific Reports , 7 (1), 15497. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15375-9
Miller, E. T., Svanbäck, R., & Bohannan, B. J. M. (2018). Microbiomes as metacommunities: understanding host-associated microbes through metacommunity ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution ,33 (12), 926–935. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.002
Moeller, A. H., Suzuki, T. A., Lin, D., Lacey, E. A., Wasser, S. K., & Nachman, M. W. (2017). Dispersal limitation promotes the diversification of the mammalian gut microbiota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 114 (52), 13768–13773. doi:10.1073/pnas.1700122114
Mongeau, R., & Brassard, R. (1982). Determination of neutral detergent fiber in breakfast cereals: pentose, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content. Journal of Food Science , 47 (2), 550–555. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb10121.x
Mu, Q., Cabana-Puig, X., Mao, J., Swartwout, B., Abdelhamid, L., Cecere, T. E., … Luo, X. M. (2019). Pregnancy and lactation interfere with the response of autoimmunity to modulation of gut microbiota.Microbiome , 7 (1), 1–13. doi:10.1186/s40168-019-0720-8
Narwani, A., Matthews, B., Fox, J., & Venail, P. (2015). Using phylogenetics in community assembly and ecosystem functioning research.Functional Ecology , 29 (5), 589–591. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12431
Nuriel-Ohayon, M., Neuman, H., & Koren, O. (2016). Microbial changes during pregnancy, birth, and infancy. Frontiers in Microbiology ,7 , 1–13. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01031
Oksanen, J., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., O’Hara, B., Simpson, G. L., Solymos, P. M., … Wagner, H. (2008). vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package . Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=vegan
Oliphant, K., & Allen-Vercoe, E. (2019). Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: Major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health. Microbiome , 7 (1), 1–15. doi:10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8
Potts, W. K., & Wakeland, E. K. (1993). Evolution of MHC genetic diversity: a tale of incest, pestilence and sexual preference.Trends in Genetics , 9 (12), 408–412. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90103-O
Regan, C. E., Tuke, L. A., Colpitts, J., McLoughlin, P. D., Wilson, A. J., & Poissant, J. (2019). Evolutionary quantitative genetics of juvenile body size in a population of feral horses reveals sexually antagonistic selection. Evolutionary Ecology , 33 (4), 567–584. doi:10.1007/s10682-019-09988-x
Reid, J. M., Arcese, P., & Keller, L. F. (2003). Inbreeding depresses immune response in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia): Direct and inter-generational effects. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 270 (1529), 2151–2157. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2480
Ren, T., Boutin, S., Humphries, M. M., Dantzer, B., Gorrell, J. C., Coltman, D. W., … Wu, M. (2017). Seasonal, spatial, and maternal effects on gut microbiome in wild red squirrels. Microbiome ,5 (163), 1–14. doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0382-3
Richard, E., Simpson, S. E., Medill, S. A., & Mcloughlin, P. D. (2014). Interacting effects of age, density, and weather on survival and current reproduction for a large mammal. Ecology and Evolution ,4 (19), 3851–3860. doi:10.1002/ece3.1250
Rosenzweig. (1971). Paradox of enrichment: destabilization of exploitation ecosystems in ecological time. Science , 385–387.
Rothschild, D., Weissbrod, O., Barkan, E., Kurilshikov, A., Korem, T., Zeevi, D., … Segal, E. (2018). Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature ,555 (7695), 210–215. doi:10.1038/nature25973
Rozen-Rechels, D., van Beest, F. M., Richard, E., Uzal, A., Medill, S. A., & Mcloughlin, P. D. (2015). Density-dependent, central-place foraging in a grazing herbivore: Competition and tradeoffs in time allocation near water. Oikos , 124 (9), 1142–1150. doi:10.1111/oik.02207
Sarkar, A., Harty, S., Johnson, K. V. A., Moeller, A. H., Archie, E. A., Schell, L. D., … Burnet, P. W. J. (2020). Microbial transmission in animal social networks and the social microbiome. Nature Ecology and Evolution . doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1220-8
Scantlebury, M., Russell, A. F., McIlrat, G. M., Speakman, J. R., & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2002). The energetics of lactation in cooperatively breeding meerkats Suricata suricatta .Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,269 (1505), 2147–2153. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2108
Schnorr, S. L., Candela, M., Rampelli, S., Centanni, M., Consolandi, C., Basaglia, G., … Crittenden, A. N. (2014). Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers. Nature Communications , 5 . doi:10.1038/ncomms4654
Sheneman, L., Evans, J., & Foster, J. A. (2006). Clearcut: A fast implementation of relaxed neighbor joining. Bioinformatics ,22 (22), 2823–2824. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl478
Spain, A. M., Forsberg, C. W., & Krumholz, L. R. (2011).Fibrobacteraceae fam. nov. Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria . doi:10.1002/9781118960608.fbm00110
Stegen, J. C., Lin, X., Fredrickson, J. K., Chen, X., Kennedy, D. W., Murray, C. J., … Konopka, A. (2013). Quantifying community assembly processes and identifying features that impose them. The ISME Journal , 7 (11), 2069–2079. doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.93
Stegen, J. C., Lin, X., Konopka, A. E., & Fredrickson, J. K. (2012). Stochastic and deterministic assembly processes in subsurface microbial communities. The ISME Journal , 6 (9), 1653–1664. doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.22
Stothart, M. R., Palme, R., & Newman, A. E. M. (2019). It’s what’s on the inside that counts: stress physiology and the bacterial microbiome of a wild urban mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B ,286 , 1–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2111
Suzuki, T. A., Phifer‐Rixey, M., Mack, K. L., Sheehan, M. J., Lin, D., Bi, K., & Nachman, M. W. (2019). Host genetic determinants of the gut microbiota of wild mice. Molecular Ecology , 28 (13), 1–11. doi:10.1111/mec.15139
Teyssier, A., Matthysen, E., Hudin, N. S., de Neve, L., White, J., & Lens, L. (2020). Diet contributes to urban-induced alterations in gut microbiota: Experimental evidence from a wild passerine.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,287 . doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2182
Tissier, E. J., Mcloughlin, P. D., Sheard, J. W., & Johnstone, J. F. (2013). Distribution of vegetation along environmental gradients on Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Écoscience , 20 (4), 361–372. doi:10.2980/20-4-3616
Trevelline, B. K., Fontaine, S. S., Hartup, B. K., & Kohl, K. D. (2019). Conservation biology needs a microbial renaissance: A call for the consideration of host-associated microbiota in wildlife management practices. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 286 . doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2448
Tucker, C. M., Davies, T. J., Cadotte, M. W., & Pearse, W. D. (2018). On the relationship between phylogenetic diversity and trait diversity.Ecology , 99 (6), 1473–1479. doi:10.1002/ecy.2349
Tung, J., Barreiro, L. B., Burns, M. B., Grenier, J.-C., Lynch, J., Grieneisen, L. E., … Archie, E. A. (2015). Social networks predict gut microbiome composition in wild baboons. ELife ,4 (e05224), 1–18. doi:10.7554/eLife.05224.001
Vellend, M. (2010). Conceptual synthesis in community ecology.Quarterly Review of Biology , 85 (2), 183–206. doi:10.1086/652373
Wadud Khan, M. A., Zac Stephens, W., Mohammed, A. D., Round, J. L., & Kubinak, J. L. (2019). Does MHC heterozygosity influence microbiota form and function? PLoS ONE , 14 (5), 1–23. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215946
Webb, C. O., Ackerly, D. D., McPeek, M. A., & Donoghue, M. J. (2002). Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 33 , 475–505. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448
Welsh, D. (1975). Population, behavioural and grazing ecology of the horses of Sable Island . Dalhousie University.
White, J., Mirleau, P., Danchin, E., Mulard, H., Hatch, S. A., Heeb, P., & Wagner, R. H. (2010). Sexually transmitted bacteria affect female cloacal assemblages in a wild bird. Ecology Letters ,13 (12), 1515–1524. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01542.x
Yaari, G., Ben-Zion, Y., Shnerb, N. M., & Vasseur, D. A. (2012). Consistent scaling of persistence time in metapopulations.Ecology , 93 (5), 1214–1227. doi:10.1890/11-1077.1
Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., … Gordon, J. I. (2012). Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature ,486 (7402), 222. doi:10.1038/nature11053
Yilmaz, P., Parfrey, L. W., Yarza, P., Gerken, J., Pruesse, E., Quast, C., … Glöckner, F. O. (2014). The SILVA and “All-species Living Tree Project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Research , 42 , 643–648. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1209
Zaneveld, J. R., McMinds, R., & Vega Thurber, R. (2017). Stress and stability: applying the Anna Karenina principle to animal microbiomes.Nature Microbiology , 2 (9), 17121. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.121
Zhou, J., & Ning, D. (2017). Stochastic community assembly: does it matter in microbial ecology? Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews , 81 (4), 2–17. doi:10.1128/MMBR