Clinical perspectives
As described in Yu et al. [18], non-invasive approaches that were applied clinically to treat HF or AF claimed that the incidence of reperfusion-related ventricular arrhythmia was significantly attenuated by LL-ES of the right tragus. Their study [19] also reported that a stimulator could be implanted through minimally invasive surgery to modulate cardiac sympathetic ganglia and monitored using a mobile phone with Bluetooth to achieve non-invasive and reversible regulation of the cardiac sympathetic nerves. Therefore, ARVGP could potentially be modified via this implantable stimulator. Any clinical application considerations should be based on true long-term data. Though long-term data can be challenging to collect in an open chest canine model, long-term LL-ES may be applied in humans, since the thoracoscopic approach is an easy way to perform LL-ES of ARVGP. Therefore, patients suffering from HF and associated arrhythmias should expect to have better treatment in the future.