Death (n=60) Death (n=60) Death (n=60)
ACEIs/ARBs ACEIs ARBs
Adjusted outcome measure
Adjusted OR 0.80 (0.74, 0.91) 0.90 (0.89, 1.12) 1.1 (0.96, 1.26)
Crude OR 0.80 (0.73, 0.86) 1.10 (0.92, 1.25) 1.1 (0.85, 1.42)
Number of studies 10 vs. 37 2 vs. 5 2 vs. 4
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.947) vs. 61% (<0.001) 40.3% (0.196) vs. 26.7% (0.244) 0.0% (0.335) vs. 60.6% (0.055)
Peer reviewed article?
Yes 0.80 (0.76, 0.85) 1.0 (0.83, 1.2) 1.02 (0.87, 1.19)
No 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) 1.0 (0.87, 1.16) 1.33 (0.88, 2.03)
Number of studies 33 vs. 14 5 vs. 2 4 vs. 2
I-squared (p-value) 25.3% (0.095) vs. 75.3% (>0.001) 45.7% (0.117) vs. 2.5% (0.331) 27.2% (0.249) vs. 62.9% (0.101)
Study’s quality
Critically low 0.75 (0.66, 0.85) 1.06 (0.57, 1.99) 0.97 (0.37, 1.29)
Low 0.81 (.075, 0.88) NA NA
Moderate 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) 1.11 (0.94, 1.30)
Number of studies 21 vs. 12 vs. 14 2 vs. 0 vs. 5 1 vs. 0 vs. 5
I-squared (p-value) 60.4% (>0.001) vs. 18.8% (0.259) vs. 53.4% (0.009) 85.8% (0.008) vs. NA vs. 29.1% (0.206) NA vs. NA vs. 48.4% (0.101)
Hypertension use status
Hypertensive patients 0.74 (0.69, 0.79) 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) 0.91 (0.71, 1.17)
Not-recorded 0.84 (0.77, 0.92) 1.02 (0.87, 1.21) 1.13 (0.98, 1.31)
Number of studies 15 vs. 32 1 vs. 6 1 vs. 5
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.617) vs. 57.3% (>0.001) NA vs. 39.9% (0.140) NA vs. 33.5% (0.129)
ICU admission (n=18) ICU admission (n=18) ICU admission (n=18)
Adjusted outcome measure
Adjusted OR 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) NA NA
Crude OR 1.09 (0.91, 1.32) 0.96 (0.87, 1.06)* 1.21 (0.93, 1.57)*
Number of studies 2 vs. 8 0 vs. 4 0 vs. 4
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.356) vs. 59.8% (0.015) NA vs. 0.0% (0.882) NA vs. 76.5% (0.005)
Peer reviewed article?
Yes 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) 1.20 (0.87, 1.66)
No 1.45 (1.17, 1.80) 1.16 (0.72, 1.86) 1.26 (0.87, 1.83)
Number of studies 9 vs. 1 3 vs. 1 3 vs. 1
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.488) vs. NA 0.0% (0.997) vs. NA 83.1% (0.003) vs. NA
Study’s quality
Critically low 1.40 (0.80, 2.44) NA NA
Low 0.90 (0.78, 1.03) 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) 0.93 (0.82, 1.05)
Moderate 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) 1.0 (0.77, 1.30) 1.37 (1.15, 1.64)
Number of studies 1 vs. 4 vs. 5 0 vs. 1 vs. 3 0 vs. 1 vs. 3
I-squared (p-value) NA vs. 22.6% (0.275) vs. 45% (0.122) NA vs. NA vs. 0.0% (0.770) NA vs. NA vs. 0.0% (0.742)
Hypertension use status
Hypertensive patients 0.97 (0.75, 1.27) 0.93 (0.52, 1.66) 1.32 (0.97, 1.79)
Not-recorded 1.05, 0.87, 1.27) 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) 1.18 (0.85, 1.64)
Number of studies 3 vs. 7 1 vs. 3 1 vs. 3
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.697) vs. 71.5% (0.002) NA vs. 0.0% (0.722) NA vs. 80.8% (0.006)
Death/ICU admission (n=38) Death/ICU admission (n=38) Death/ICU admission (n=38)
Adjusted outcome measure
Adjusted OR 0.63 (0.47, 0.84) 1.0 (0.80, 1.26) 1.0 (0.83, 1.18)
Crude OR 0.87 (0.81, 0.93) 0.93 (0.85, 1.03) 0.98 (0.91, 1.05)
Number of studies 1 vs. 21 1 vs. 7 1 vs. 7
I-squared (p-value) NA vs. 38.9% (0.036) NA vs. 38.5% (0.135) NA vs. 0.0% (0.498)
Peer reviewed article?
Yes 0.85 (0.79, 0.92) 0.99 (0.92, 1.10) 0.96 (0.89, 1.03)
No 0.89 (0.75, 1.10) 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) 1.13 (0.95, 1.34)
Number of studies 18 vs. 4 7 vs. 1 7 vs. 1
I-squared (p-value) 45.5% (0.019) vs. 51.5% (0.103) 0.0% (0.605) vs. NA 0.0% (0.874) vs. NA
Study’s quality
Critically low 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) 0.86 (0.70, 1.04) 1.02 (0.85, 1.24)
Low 0.85 (0.79, 0.92) 0.98 (0.82, 1.16) 0.93 (0.80, 1.10)
Moderate 0.74 (0.63, 0.85) 0.99 90.88, 1.10) 0.98 (0.89, 1.06)
Number of studies 6 vs. 11. vs. 5 2 vs. 2 vs. 4 2 vs. 2 vs. 4
I-squared (p-value) 57.4% (0.038) vs. 15.8% (0.293) vs. 18.9% (0.294) 56.3% (0.130) vs. 0.0% (0.568) vs. 20.7% (0.286) 60% (0.114) vs. 0.0% (0.865) vs. 0.0% (0.572)
Hypertension use status
Hypertensive patients 0.85 (0.80, 0.9) 0.9 (0.75, 1.08) 1.01 (0.93, 1.10)
Not-recorded 0.88 (0.76, 1.03) 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) 0.93 (0.85, 1.03)
Number of studies 13 vs. 9 4 vs. 4 4 vs. 4
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.595) vs. 69% (0.001) 67.1% (0.028) vs. 0.0% (0.852) 0.0% (0.473) vs. 0.0% (0.723)
Risk of COVID-19 infection (n=40) Risk of COVID-19 infection (n=40) Risk of COVID-19 infection (n=40)
Adjusted outcome measure
Adjusted OR 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) 1.0 (0.82, 1.2) 0.98 (0.56, 1.7)
Crude OR 1.0 (0.97, 1.02) 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) 1.0 (0.97, 1.04)
Number of studies 6 vs. 13 2 vs. 9 2 vs. 8
I-squared (p-value) 41.7% (0.127) vs. 18.7% (0.255) 49% (0.161) vs. 36.6% (0.125) 78.9% (0.03) vs. 0.0% (0.993)
Peer reviewed article?
Yes 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) 1.01 (0.98, 1.05)
No 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) 0.97 (0.89, 1.10) 0.97 (0.85, 1.11)
Number of studies 14 vs. 5 8 vs. 3 7 vs. 3
I-squared (p-value) 14.6% (0.294) vs. 52.5% (0.077) 34.8% (0.150) vs. 48.6% (0.143) 0.0% (0.814) vs. 18.1% (0.295)
Study’s quality
Critically low 0.97 (0.95, 1.0) 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) 1.0 (0.96, 1.04)
Low 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) 0.95 (0.84, 1.09) 0.90 (0.62, 1.30)
Moderate 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) 1.03 (0.96, 1.10)
Number of studies 4 vs. 7 vs. 8 4 vs. 3 vs. 4 4 vs. 2 vs. 4
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.780) vs. 17.5% (0.296) vs. 12.7% (0.331) 0.0% (0.811) vs. 66.7% (0.050) vs. 45.3% (0.140) 0.0% (0.970) vs. 51.6% (0.151) vs. 0.0% (0.467)
Hypertension use status
Hypertensive patients 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) 1.0 (0.91, 1.11) 1.0 (0.94, 1.08)
Not-recorded 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) 0.96 (0.92, 0.99) 1.0 (0.97, 1.05)
Number of studies 2 vs. 17 2 vs. 9 2 vs. 8
I-squared (p-value) 58.3% (0.122) vs. 19.7% (0.224) 42.0% (0.189) vs. 33.5% (0.150) 0.0% (0.590) vs. 0.0% (0.595)
Severe COVID-19 (n=44) Severe COVID-19 (n=44) Severe COVID-19 (n=44)
Adjusted outcome measure
Adjusted OR 0.88 (0.78, 0.99) 0.86 (0.70, 1.07) 0.94 (0.81, 1.10)
Crude OR 0.86 (0.75, 0.97) 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) 0.93 (0.78, 1.13)
Number of studies 6 vs. 22 2 vs. 6 2 vs. 6
I-squared (p-value) 19.3% (0.287) vs. 73% (>0.001) 0.0% (0.330) vs. 0.0% (0.954) 0.0% (0.674) vs. 8.8% (0.360)
Peer reviewed article?
Yes 0.89 (0.83, 0.96) 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) 0.91 (0.66, 1.25)
No 0.82 (0.66, 1.01) 0.9 (0.75, 1.10) 0.95 (0.83, 1.10)
Number of studies 15 vs. 13 4 vs. 4 4 vs. 4
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0885) vs. 84% (>0.001) 0.0% (0.832) vs. 0.0% (0.646) 36.3% (0.194) vs. 0.0% (0.821)
Study’s quality
Critically low 0.69 (0.53, 0.92) NA NA
Low 0.93 (0.85, 1.03) 0.92 (0.75, 1.31) 0.89 (0.73, 1.09)
Moderate 0.89 (0.77, 1.04) 0.92 (0.78, 1.10) 0.96 (0.84, 1.10)
Number of studies 7 vs. 7 vs. 14 0 vs. 2 vs. 6 0 vs. 2 vs. 6
I-squared (p-value) 80.5% (>0.001) vs. 0.0% (0.954) vs. 69.8% (>0.001) NA vs. 0.0% (0.664) vs. 0.0% (0.782) NA vs. 0.0% (0.557) vs. 0.0% (0.426)
Hypertension use status
Hypertensive patients 0.89 (0.77, 1.01) 1.10 (0.64, 1.89) 0.82 (0.52, 1.30)
Not-recorded 0.85 (0.758, 0.96) 0.91 (0.79, 1.10) 0.95 (0.84, 1.10)
Number of studies 5 vs. 23 1 vs. 7 1 vs. 7
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.684) vs. 73.1% (>0.001) NA vs. 0.0% (0.899) Na vs. 0.0% (0.506)
Hospitalisation (n=21) Hospitalisation (n=21) Hospitalisation (n=21)
Adjusted outcome measure
Adjusted OR 1.33 (1.21, 1.47) 1.25 (1.10, 1.46) 1.33 (0.80, 2.23)
Crude OR 1.21 (0.91, 1.61) 1.10 (0.86, 1.41) 1.02 (0.79, 1.31)
Number of studies 3 vs. 8 2 vs. 3 2 vs. 3
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.634) vs. 81.5% (>0.001) 0.0% (0.556) vs. 27.9% (0.250) 86.1% (0.007) vs. 49% (0.141)
Peer reviewed article?
Yes 1.11 (0.90, 1.31) 1.11 (0.91, 1.27) 0.93 (0.80, 1.10)
No 1.45 (1.10, 2.0) 1.32 (1.10, 1.59) 1.67 (1.45, 1.92)
Number of studies 6 vs. 5 3 vs. 2 3 vs. 2
I-squared (p-value) 66.2% (0.011) vs. 73.1% (0.005) 0.0% (0.611) vs. 0.0% (0.432) 0.0% (894) vs. 0.0% (0.578)
Study’s quality
Critically low 1.20 (0.57, 2.54) NA NA
Low 1.24 (0.98, 1.56) 1.29 (1.07, 1.56) 1.69 (1.46, 1.96)
Moderate 1.24 (0.94, 1.63) 1.12 (0.95, 1.31) 0.99 (0.94, 1.19)
Number of studies 2 vs. 2 vs. 7 0 vs. 1 vs. 4 0 vs. 1 vs. 4
I-squared (p-value) 64.8% (0.092) vs. 76.5% (0.039) vs. 82.9% (>0.001) NA vs. NA vs. 0.0% (0.368) NA vs. NA vs. 23.9% (0.268)
Hypertension use status
Hypertensive patients 0.82 (0.67, 1.01) 0.95 (0.69, 1.30) 0.94 (0.68, 1.31)
Not-recorded 1.35 (1.15, 1.58) 1.23 (1.10, 1.41) 1.23 (0.84, 1.78)
Number of studies 2 vs. 9 1 vs. 4 1 vs. 4
I-squared (p-value) 0.0% (0.568) vs. 66% (0.003) NA vs. 0.0% (0.553) NA vs. 88.7% (>0.001)
Ventilator use (n=5) Ventilator use (n=5) Ventilator use (n=5)
Adjusted outcome measure
Adjusted OR NA NA NA
Crude OR 1.18 (0.84, 1.66)* 1.01 (0.03, 34.52)* 0.985 (0.084, 11.57)*
Number of studies 0 vs. 3 0 vs. 1 0 vs. 1
I-squared (p-value) NA vs. 53.4% (0.114) NA NA
Peer reviewed article?
Yes 1.10 (0.66, 1.75) 1.01 (0.03, 34.52)* 0.985 (0.084, 11.57)*
No 1.39 (0.99, 1.95) NA NA
Number of studies 2 vs. 1 1 vs. 0 1 vs. 0
I-squared (p-value) 52.6% (0.146) vs. NA NA NA
Study’s quality
Critically low NA NA NA
Low NA NA NA
Moderate 1.18 (0.84, 1.66)* 1.01 (0.03, 34.52)* 0.985 (0.084, 11.57)*
Number of studies 0 vs. 0 vs. 3 0 vs. 0 vs. 1 0 vs. 0 vs. 1
I-squared (p-value) NA vs. NA vs. 53.4% (0.114) NA NA
Hypertension use status
Hypertensive patients 0.89 (0.65, 1.23) NA NA
Not-recorded 1.41 (1.10, 1.90) 1.014 (0.030, 34.758)* 0.985 (0.084, 11.570)*
Number of studies 1 vs. 2 0 vs. 1 0 vs. 1
I-squared (p-value) NA vs. 0.0% (0.844) NA NA
Acute SARS (n=5) Acute SARS (n=5) Acute SARS (n=5) Acute SARS (n=5)
Adjusted outcome measure
Adjusted OR NA 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) 1.05 (0.97, 1.14)
Crude OR 0.71 (0.49, 1.02) 1.21 (1.01, 1.45) 1.25 (0.99, 1.57)
Number of studies 0 vs. 1 1 vs. 1 1 vs. 1
I-squared (p-value) NA NA NA
Peer reviewed article?
Yes 0.71 (0.49, 1.02)* 1.06 (0.84, 1.34)* 1.11 (0.95, 1.29)*
No NA NA NA
Number of studies 1 vs. 0 2 vs. 0 2 vs. 0
I-squared (p-value) NA 81% (0.022) vs. NA 48.9% (0.162) vs. NA
Study’s quality
Critically low
Low NA NA NA
Moderate NA NA NA
Number of studies 0.71 (0.49, 1.02) 1.06 (0.84, 1.34)* 1.11 (0.95, 1.29)*
I-squared (p-value) 0 vs. 0 vs. 1 0 vs. 0 vs. 2 0 vs. 0 vs. 2
Hypertension use status NA vs. NA. vs. 81% (0.022) NA vs. NA. vs. 48.9% (0.162)
Hypertensive patients 0.71 (0.49, 1.02) NA NA
Not-recorded NA 1.06 (0.84, 1.34) 1.11 (0.95, 1.29)
Number of studies 1 vs. 0 0 vs. 2 0 vs. 2
I-squared (p-value) NA NA vs. 81% (0.022) NA vs. 48.9% (0.162)
(Note) *Indicates that the pooled estimate is the same as the overall analyses because all the studies were in one group; NA: not applicable indicating that no studies were available to perform meta-analyses for these outcomes; (Note) *Indicates that the pooled estimate is the same as the overall analyses because all the studies were in one group; NA: not applicable indicating that no studies were available to perform meta-analyses for these outcomes; (Note) *Indicates that the pooled estimate is the same as the overall analyses because all the studies were in one group; NA: not applicable indicating that no studies were available to perform meta-analyses for these outcomes; (Note) *Indicates that the pooled estimate is the same as the overall analyses because all the studies were in one group; NA: not applicable indicating that no studies were available to perform meta-analyses for these outcomes;