Population Total n Study Type Exposure n on RAAS inhibitors Outcome(s) Result (n or Odd Ratio + [95% confidence interval])
Bean D. et al (2020) (37) All adult symptomatic inpatient testing positive for COVID-19. 1200 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 339 • Death • Critical care admission • Death or critical care admission • n=106/399 vs. n=182/801 • n= 21/399 vs. n=106/801 • 0.63 (0.47-0.84)
Benelli G. et al (2020) (38) Patients tested positive for COVID-19. 411 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 110 • Death • ICU admission • CPAP/NIV • n= 25/110 vs 47/301 • n= 13/60 vs. 15/301 •n= 42/110 vs. 70/301
Bravi F. et al (2020) (42) Patients diagnosis of COVID-19. 1603 Case-control ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 450 • Severe or very sever/lethal • Very severe lethal • 0.58 (0.34-1.01) • 0.87 (0.50-1.49)
Chodick G. et al (2020) (46) Patients with confirmed COVID-19. 1317 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs users in patients with and without COVID-19 132 • Increased risk for COVID-19 • 1.19 (0.96-1.47)
Dauchet L. et al (2020) (39)*
Patients aged 35 years and over with suspected COVID-19.
288
Cohort
ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients
109
• COVID-19+ • Hospitalisation • ICU admission
Data reported for ACE inhibitor and ARBs separately
DeSpiegeleer A. et al (2020) (47) All residents at two elderly care homes with confirmed COVID-19. 154 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 30 • Serious COVID-19 • 0.48 (0.10-1.97)
Feng Y. et al (2020) (19) Patients diagnosed with COVID-19. 467 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 33 Disease severity: • Moderate •Severe •Critical
n= 29/33 vs.319/443 • n= 2/33 vs. 52/443 • n= 2/33 vs. 68/443
Feng Z. et al (2020) (48) All adult patients with confirmed COVID-19. 564 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 16 Disease severity • 0.41 (0.05-3.19)
Guo J. et al (2020) (28) Patients with COVID-19 187 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 19 • Death • n=7/ 19 vs. n=36/168
Ip Andrew et al (2020) (27)
Patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19
3017
Cohort
ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients
NR
• Death (expired) • Discharged • 1.6 [1.23-1.99] • n=323 vs. 407
Khawaja A. et al (2020) (49) Patients hospitalized with COVID -19 605 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs users in patients with and without COVID-19 125 • Hospitalisation with COVID-19 Data reported for ACE inhibitor and ARBs separately
Khera R. et al (2020) (43)
Patients receiving anti-hypertensive agents and tested positive for COVID-19.
2263
Cohort
ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients
852
• Hospitalization • Mortality
Data reported for ACE inhibitor and ARBs separately
Li J. et al (2020) (24) Patients with COVID-19 and hypertension 1178 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 115 • Severity • Death • n=57/115 vs. 116/247 • n=21/115 vs. 56/247
Liu Y. et al (2020) (18) All patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 and hypertension 78 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 12 • Disease severity Data reported for ACE inhibitor and ARBs separately
Mancia G. et al (2020) (21) Patients 40 years of age or older with a Positive test of COVID -19 6272 Case-control ACEIs/ARBs users in patients with and without COVID-19 2896 • Critical or fatal of clinical manifestations Data reported for ACE inhibitor and ARBs separately
Mehta N. et al (2020) (41) Patients tested for COVID-19 and had ACEI or ARB prescribed. 18472 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 212 • COVID-19+ • Hospital admission • ICU-admission • Use of ventilator • 0.97[0.81-1.15] • 1.93 (1.38-2.71) • 1.64 (1.07-2.51) • 1.32 (0.80-2.18)
Meng J. el al (2020) (17) Patients with positive COVID-19. 42 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 17 • Hospitalisation • Hospital discharge • Severity of disease • Death • 4 days vs. 2 days • 20 days vs. 16.5 days • OR:0.33[0.09-1.31] • n=0/17 vs. n=1/25
Raisi-Estabragh Z. et al (2020) (50) Individuals tested for COVID-19 aged 40-69 years old. 1474 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs users in patients with and without COVID-19 312 COVID+ • 0.956[0.695-1.316]
Rentsch Ch. et al (2020) (40) Veterans aged 54-75 years with positive COVID-19 test 585 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 255 • COVID-19+ • Hospitalisation • ICU admission • 0.93[0.78-1.23] • 1.24[0.79-1.95] • 1.69[1.01-2.84]
Reynolds H. et al (2020) (22) Patients who were tested for COVID-19. 12594 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 2319 • COVID-19+ • Severity of COVID-19 • 1110/1909 vs. 1101/1909 • 275/1110 vs. 274/1101
Rhee S. et al (2020) (51) Patients with confirmed COVID-19 832 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 327 •ICU admission or death • 0.599[0.251-1.431].
Richardson S. et al (2020) (23) All patients who hospitalized with COVID-19 infection. 5700 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 413 • Invasive mechanical ventilation • ICU care • Readmission • Discharged home • Death • n= 79/413 vs. n=122/953 • n= 87/413 vs. 141/953 • n=6/413 vs. n=18/953 • n=261/413 vs. 639/953 • n=130/413 vs. 254/953
Rossi P. et al (2020) (44) All symptomatic patients who tested positive for COVID-19. 2653 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 450 • Death • Hospitalisation • 0.8[0.50-1.3] • 1.12 [0.82-1.54]
Yan H. et al (2020) (45) Patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID -19 infection. 610 Case-control ACEIs/ARBs users in patients with and without COVID-19 NR • COVID-19+ • Disease severity of COVID-19 severe + critical vs. mild + common Data reported for ACE inhibitor and ARBs separately
Yang G. et al (2020) (25) Patients with confirmed COVID-19. 462 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 43 •Tested positive for COVID-19 • Days patient remained in hospital (mean ±SD) • Critical severity • Death n=43 vs. n=83 35.2±12.8 vs. 37.5±12.3. • n=4 vs. n=19 • n=2 vs. n=11
Zeng Zh. et al (2020) (26) Adult patients with suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19. 274 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 28 • Mortality • length of hospital stays (days) • discharge rate • hospitalization rate. • Tested positive for COVID • Severe pneumonia • n=2/28 vs. n=5/47 • n=21(15.25) vs. n=22 (16-28) • n=21/28 vs, n=29/47 • n=5/28 vs. n=13/47 • n=20/28 vs. n=31/47 • n=15/28 vs. n=15/47
Zhang P.et al (2020) (20) Patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 1128 Cohort ACEIs/ARBs vs. non-ACEIs/ARBs among COVID-19 patients 188 • Mortality • Acute respiratory distress syndrome • Septic shock • Acute kidney injury • Cardiac injury • 0.37 [0.15-0.89] • 0.65 [0.41-1.04] • 0.32 [0.13-0.80] • 0.78 [0.37-1.65] • 0.78 [0.44-1.32]
(Note) *: this study reported data from two cohorts; hence it is included twice in the analyses; ACEIs: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; COVID: coronavirus disease; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; n: number of patients; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; SD: standard deviation (Note) *: this study reported data from two cohorts; hence it is included twice in the analyses; ACEIs: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; COVID: coronavirus disease; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; n: number of patients; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; SD: standard deviation (Note) *: this study reported data from two cohorts; hence it is included twice in the analyses; ACEIs: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; COVID: coronavirus disease; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; n: number of patients; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; SD: standard deviation (Note) *: this study reported data from two cohorts; hence it is included twice in the analyses; ACEIs: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; COVID: coronavirus disease; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; n: number of patients; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; SD: standard deviation (Note) *: this study reported data from two cohorts; hence it is included twice in the analyses; ACEIs: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; COVID: coronavirus disease; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; n: number of patients; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; SD: standard deviation (Note) *: this study reported data from two cohorts; hence it is included twice in the analyses; ACEIs: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; COVID: coronavirus disease; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; n: number of patients; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; SD: standard deviation (Note) *: this study reported data from two cohorts; hence it is included twice in the analyses; ACEIs: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; COVID: coronavirus disease; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; n: number of patients; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; SD: standard deviation (Note) *: this study reported data from two cohorts; hence it is included twice in the analyses; ACEIs: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; COVID: coronavirus disease; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; n: number of patients; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; SD: standard deviation