2.4 Study design and inclusion criteria
Study participants were recruited from the Selçuk University urology outpatient clinic, between June and September 2020. Participants were included in the study if they were male, could read and write in Turkish, were mentally capable and were aged 18 years or over. Patients under 18 years, female patients, patients unable to read or write in Turkish and those with a history of LUTS-related surgery (e.g., transurethral resection or internal urethrotomy) or taking active LUTS treatment or having illness that was related to LUTS such as urinary tract infections, bladder stones, urethral strictures and those who did not wish to participate the study were excluded from the study. Clinical secretaries oversaw the completion of forms before the face-to-face interviews. Patients diagnosed with PMD were recommended bulbar urethral massage after voiding, and they were asked to complete the Turkish HPMDQ again one month later.