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\begin{document}

\title{Comparing clinical course and outcomes of hospitalized pregnant with
non-pregnant women with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a case-controlled
study}



\author[1]{Xiaoxin Zheng}%
\author[1]{Yiyu  He}%
\author[1]{Fujin Shen}%
\author[1]{Hua Liang}%
\author[1]{Guo Hou}%
\author[1]{Ying Wen}%
\author[1]{Zhishui Zheng}%
\author[1]{Jun Li}%
\author[1]{Xiaoyan Li}%
\author[1]{Xuejun Jiang}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 07, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Objective: To compare the clinical course and outcomes of hospitalized
pregnant and non-pregnant patients with coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19). Design: Retrospective, single centre and case-control study.
Setting: Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province,
China Population: SARS-CoV-2-infected hospitalized 31 pregnant and 124
non-pregnant patients diagnosed between 1 January 1 and 7 May, 2020;
final date of follow-up was Jul 8, 2020. Main outcomes and measures:
Demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, treatments and outcomes
were collected, analyzed and compared between the two groups. All
neonates received detection for SARS-CoV-2. Results: Pregnant patients
had higher leucocytes, neutrophil counts, C-reactive protein and lactate
dehydrogenase level, but lower lymphocyte counts. More pregnant patients
received antibiotic, corticosteroids and oxygen support. All seventeen
neonates had negative results of severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) without complications. All 31 pregnant and 124
non-pregnant patients, with similar clinical symptoms, intensive care
unit admission and complications, had been discharged. Conclusion:
Pregnant patients might have more obvious inflammatory response,
cellular immune deficiency and potential tissue necrosis, but similar
clinical manifestations and outcomes as compared with the non-pregnant
patients. No evidence of neonatal infections and complications had been
shown in this study. Timely and active management may be beneficial for
improving the outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and the neonates.
Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019; COVID-19; Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2; Pregnant; Non-Pregnant. Tweetable
abstract: Pregnant women had more obvious inflammatory response,
cellular immune deficiency and potential tissue necrosis, but similar
clinical manifestations and outcomes.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Introduction}

A crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic since last December, is a major
public health event that leads to significant uncertainty. It is caused
by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
which is a distinct clade from the beta coronaviruses associated with
human severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East
respiratory syndrome (MERS)\textsuperscript{1}. It has infected more
than 6.5 million people, claiming over 383 thousands lives in 207
countries and 5 continents as of Jun 2020. The number of COVID-19
infected pregnant women is also increasing. There is legitimate concern,
however, that pregnant women might have a different disease course and
outcomes, due to the physiological changes in respiratory and
immunological systems.

At present, scarce data has compared the difference of the clinical
characteristics of pregnant with non-pregnant patients with COVID-19
based on the data from systematic comparisons between infected pregnant
and non-pregnant women. This retrospective, single-center and
case-control study systematically compared the clinical course and
outcomes of pregnant patients with control cases confirmed to have
SARS-CoV-2 infection, and also offered some details of drug therapies of
pregnant patients from the view of clinical practice. We hope our study
findings will provide some novel and valuable information for clinicians
under the COVID-19 pandemic and possibly improve the clinical outcomes
of infected pregnant women.

\textbf{Methods}

\textbf{Study Design and Participants}

Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, located in Wuhan, Hubei Province,
is one of the major teaching hospitals and is responsible for the
treatments for COVID-19 assigned by the Chinese government. For this
retrospective, single-center, case-controlled study, all patients with
COVID-19 were diagnosed according to World Health Organization interim
guidance\textsuperscript{2} and were admitted centrally to the hospital
from all of Wuhan without selectivity from Jan 1 to May 7, 2020; final
date of follow-up was Jul 8. Thirty-seven pregnant women were infected,
and 6 were excluded because they were not matched. One pregnant woman
received inducing abortion before admission. Two were diagnosed as
ectopic pregnancy and they received surgery soon after hospitalization,
while four were excluded because of data missing. Clinical
characteristics and outcomes of the remaining 31 pregnant patients were
compared with another historical cohort of matched non-pregnant COVID-19
patients over the same study period (ratio: 1:4). They were matched with
respect to sex, age, timing of contacting COVID-19, underlying illness
and residence in Wuhan. This study was approved by the ethics committee
of Renmin Hospital (No. WDRM2020-K141). Written informed consent was
waived by the Ethics Commission of Renmin hospital for emerging
infectious diseases.

\textbf{Procedures}

Clinical characteristics and outcomes data were obtained with
standardized data collection forms from patients' medical records.
Information recorded included demographic data, medical history,
underlying comorbidities, symptoms, laboratory findings, chest computed
tomographic (CT) scans, treatment measures and outcomes. The durations
from onset of COVID-19 to hospital admission were recorded. The data
were reviewed by a trained team of physicians. Acute kidney injury was
identified according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes
definition\textsuperscript{3}. Acute liver injury, defined as either
alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase greater than
three times the upper limit of normal\textsuperscript{4}. Acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was diagnosed according to the
Berlin Definition\textsuperscript{5}.

Laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection was done at Renmin
Hospital. Nasopharyngeal swabs specimens from the upper respiratory
tract that were obtained from all patients at admission were maintained
in viral transport medium. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by
real-time RT-PCR using the same protocol as described
previously\textsuperscript{6}.All patients were given chest CT
examinations.

\textbf{Outcomes}

We compared demographics, comorbidities, signs and symptoms on
admission, laboratory results, chest CT scan findings, treatments
received for COVID-19, and clinical outcomes of both pregnant and
non-pregnant groups.

\textbf{Statistical analysis}

Continuous variables were expressed as median (25\% percentile, 75\%
percentile) and compared with Mann-Whitney U test; categorical variables
were expressed as number (constituent ratio) and compared with \selectlanguage{greek}χ\selectlanguage{ngerman}² test,
continuity correction \selectlanguage{greek}χ\selectlanguage{ngerman}² test or Fisher's exact test between pregnant
and none-pregnant groups. A two-sided \selectlanguage{greek}α \selectlanguage{english}of less than 0.05 was considered
statistically significant. Statistical analyses were done using the SAS
software, version 9.4, unless otherwise indicated.

\textbf{Results}

\textbf{Demographics and Characteristics}

By Jul 8, 2020, 31 pregnant and 124 non-pregnant patients with COVID-19
were included in this study. Eleven of the 31 patients were primiparous
and 20 were multiparous, 8 were in the first trimester and the other 23
ones were in late second and third trimester (26 -- 32 weeks). The mean
age in both pregnant group and non-pregnant group was 30.0 years (IQR
{[}27.0, 32.0{]} and {[}28.0, 34.0{]}, respectively; Table 1) and mean
gestational age of pregnant women was 35 weeks plus 5 days (IQR {[}18
weeks plus 3 days, 39 weeks plus 1 days{]}) at admission. All of the 17
neonates had negative COVID-19 (Apgar score {[}1 min{]} \textgreater{} 8
and Apgar score {[}5 min{]} \textgreater{} 9, without complications).

The comorbidities and symptoms of the two groups were compared
in\textbf{Table 1} . No significant difference of underlying medical
diseases could be found between the two groups. Of the 155 patients, 33
(21.3 \%) had 1 or more coexisting medical conditions. Anemia (29
{[}18.7 \%{]}) was the most common coexisting condition. Pregnancy had
no discernible impact on the presentation pattern of COVID-19. Common
symptoms at onset of illness were fever (74 {[}47.7\%{]}) and cough /
haemoptysis (71 {[}45.8\%{]}); less common symptoms were fatigue /
myalgia (42 {[}27.1\%{]}), anorexia (34 {[}21.9\%{]}), dyspnoea (23
{[}14.8\%{]}), pharyngalgia (19 {[}12.3\%{]}) and abdominal pain (11
{[}7.1\%{]}). The median durations of pregnant group and non-pregnant
group from illness onset to hospital admission were 5 days (IQR 2.5, 10)
and 8 days (IQR 5, 13), respectively.

\textbf{Laboratory Findings}

Laboratory findings were shown in \textbf{Table 2} . During
hospitalization, leucocytes counts, neutrophil counts and C-reactive
protein were higher (median leucocytes counts, 8.0 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L {[}IQR 6.5,
11.4{]}; median neutrophil counts, 6.2 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L {[}IQR 4.7, 8.7{]};
median C-reactive protein level, 17.7 mg/L {[}IQR 3.5, 27.3{]}), while
lymphocyte counts were lower (median lymphocyte counts, 1.3 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L
{[}IQR 1.1, 1.6{]}) in pregnant patients than non-pregnant cases (median
leucocytes counts, 5.6 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L {[}IQR 4.6, 6.4{]}, P \textless{} 0.001;
median neutrophil counts, 3.1 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L {[}IQR 2.5, 3.9{]}, P \textless{}
0.001; median lymphocyte counts, 1.8 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L {[}IQR 1.4, 2.1{]}, P
\textless{} 0.001; median C-reactive protein level, 0.5 mg/L {[}IQR 0.5,
0.5{]}, P \textless{} 0.001). There was a trend of a more obvious fall
in hemoglobin level in pregnant women (median hemoglobin level, 117 g/L
{[}IQR 105.0, 122.0{]}) compared with that in contrast cases (median
hemoglobin level, 126 g/L {[}IQR 117.0, 132.3{]}, P \textless{} 0.001).
Levels of lactate dehydrogenase were increased in 11 (7.9\%) of 140
patients, including 4 of 28 (14.3\%) pregnant women and 7 of 112 (6.3\%)
non-pregnant women. There was no statistical difference in the level of
alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase between the two
groups. Hypersensitive troponin I located in the normal range in
pregnant patients. All the 155 patients had chest CT scan, 109 (70.3\%)
had bilateral involvement of patchy shadows or ground glass opacity. No
significant difference of abnormalities presentation pattern of CT
images could be observed between these two groups.

\textbf{Treatments and Outcomes}

\textbf{Table 3} showed comparing of ICU admission, the complication
rates, treatments, requirement of oxygen support, and clinical outcomes
between two groups. There were no ICU admissions and no complications of
ARDS, acute renal injury and acute liver injury for all the pregnant
throughout the study period, as compared with 4.0 \% ICU admission rate
(P = 0.584), 0.8 \% ARDS (P = 1.000), 0.8 \% acute renal injury (P =
1.000) and 3.2 \% acute liver injury (P = 0.584) in the 124 non-pregnant
patients.

One hundred and thirty-two patients (85.2\%) received antiviral therapy,
including oseltamivir, arbidol hydrochloride, ribavirin and peramivir.
Treatment regimens of antiviral therapy were similar between the two
groups (P = 0.955). Ninety-four (60.6\%) were administered with
empirical antibiotic treatment, 27 (87.1\%) pregnant patients and 67
(54.0\%) non-pregnant patients were given antibiotic treatments
respectively (P = 0.001). For 31 pregnant patients, 10 (37\%) were
treated with a single antibiotic and 17 patients (63\%) were given
combination therapy. The antibiotics used were cefoperazone sodium
tazobactam sodium, ornidazole, meropenem, azithromycin, meropenem and
cefathiamidine. 43 (27.7\%) patients were given systematic
corticosteroids, fifteen of 31 (48\%) pregnant women were treated with
corticosteroid after caesarean section, as compared with 20 (16.1\%) in
non-pregnant patients (P \textless{} 0.001). Also, 32 (20.6\%) patients
received immunoglobulin therapy. More details of treatment regimens of
pregnant women could be found in the supplement (Table S1). Seventy-one
percent of patients (71\%) in the pregnant group needed mask and nasal
cannula, whereas only 27.4\% in the non-pregnant women required mask and
nasal cannula (P \textless{} 0.001). Non-invasive ventilation or
high-flow nasal cannula was required in 2 (1.6\%) non-pregnant patients.
One case in non-pregnant group needed invasive mechanical ventilation
ECMO, this difference did not reach statistical significance.

At the end of follow-up (Jul 8, 2020), all patients in both groups had
been discharged from Renmin hospital per the following discharge
criteria: abatement of fever for more than 3 days, with improvement of
chest radiographic evidence and viral clearance in respiratory samples
from upper respiratory tract (negative twice in a row, sampling interval
[?]24 h). The pregnant women required a little longer hospital stay than
the non-pregnant group without statistical significance (13.0 days
{[}IQR 9.0, 24.0{]} vs 9.0 days {[}IQR 8.0, 15.8{]}, P = 0.062).

\textbf{Discussion}

\textbf{Main findings}

At present, scarce comparison data from a control study had answer the
question directly: whether pregnancy has impact on clinical course and
outcomes of pregnant women confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection or
not. In this descriptive, single-center, case-controlled study, we get a
comprehensive understanding that: (1) the pregnant patients had higher
leucocytes, neutrophil counts, C-reactive protein and lactate
dehydrogenase level, but lower lymphocyte counts; (2) pregnancy had no
discernible impact on clinical symptoms, intensive care unit admission
and complications (including ARDS, acute renal injury, acute liver
injury and urinary tract infection); (3) more pregnant patients received
antibiotic, corticosteroids and oxygen support; (4) all the 17 neonates
tested for SARS-CoV-2 had negative results without complications; (5)
all the 31 pregnant and 124 non-pregnant patients had been discharged
with no deaths.

\textbf{Interpretation}

Common symptoms at onset of COVID-19 of pregnant women were fever, cough
and abdominal pain, and the less common symptoms were chills, dyspnoea,
chest pain and pharyngalgia. However, some patients presented initially
with atypical symptoms, such as diarrhea and rhinobyon. The most
significant laboratory abnormalities observed in pregnant group were
depressed lymphocytes counts, increased leucocytes and neutrophil
counts, and elevated C-reactive protein level compared with those in
non-pregnant group (all P \textless{} 0.001, Table 2). These
abnormalities suggest that SARS-CoV-19 infection in pregnant women may
be associated with cellular immune deficiency and inflammation response
(may resulted in cytokine storm) induced by virus. Meanwhile,
physiological haemodilution in pregnancy lowers the hemoglobin level of
pregnant women, as reflected in the difference of hemoglobin level
between the two groups. A further drop in hemoglobin level might
jeopardise the stressed oxygen carrying capacity of mother, adding
further risk to pregnant COVID-19 patients. Additionally, a higher level
of lactate dehydrogenase at presentation had been associated with
potential severity among pneumonia patients in most\textsuperscript{7},
but not all, case series\textsuperscript{8}. Likewise, a higher lactate
dehydrogenase level was found in our pregnant group, reflecting tissue
necrosis related to immune hyperactivity in COVID-19. The presence of
such adverse outcome predictor may reflect the severity of the disease
course in pregnancy.

Currently, the approach to this disease is to control the source of
infection; use of personal protection precaution to reduce the risk of
transmission; and early diagnosis, isolation, and supportive treatments
for affected patients. Until now, no specific treatment has been proven
to be effective for coronavirus infection except for meticulous
supportive care\textsuperscript{9}. In our study, most pregnant patients
were treated with arbidol and oseltamivir (24 of 31 patients, 77.4\%).
Although arbidol and other antiviral drugs have been used in the
clinical treatment of patients with COVID-19, no data of their safety
and efficacy as COVID-19 treatments have been published. The experience
gained from previous antiviral pneumonia (eg. SARS and MERS) is also
limited\textsuperscript{10-12}. More pregnant patients received
antibacterial agents and corticosteroids in this study, as compared with
non-pregnant patients (all P [?] 0.001; Table 3 and online supplement,
Table S1). Timely use of antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial
infections and strengthen immune support treatment can reduce
complications and mortality, so antibiotics were used routinely after
operation\textsuperscript{13}. Corticosteroids should not be routinely
given systemically, unless for possible benefit by reducing
inflammatory-induced lung injury, according to WHO interim
guidance\textsuperscript{14}. Additionally, the use of large doses of
corticosteroids during pregnancy might lead to fetal malformation in
previous study\textsuperscript{15}. Among our two groups of 155
laboratory-confirmed patients with SARS-CoV-19 infection,
corticosteroids were given to very few non-pregnant women (16.1\%), and
low dose of corticosteroids were given to 23 pregnant patients (74.2\%,
Table 3 and online supplement, Table S1). Thus far, no complications
related to the steroids have been recorded in the pregnant women,
mothers and neonates in our study. Further evidence is urgently needed
to assess their safety. As is known to us, total lung capacity of
pregnant women decreases towards term. There is also a decrease in both
residual volume and expiratory volume in pregnant women, resulting in a
9.5\% to 25\% drop in functional residual capacity. Moreover, there is a
20\% increase in oxygen demand in pregnancy\textsuperscript{16}. This
might explain why more pregnant patients required oxygen support in this
study (Table 3).

Because of alterations in hormone levels and decreased lung volumes
caused by increases in uterus size during pregnancy, patients might have
a more rapid clinical deterioration. In this study, we have presented 31
cases of COVID-19 in pregnancy and 124 control cases with similar
outcomes, including 17 newborns with negative COVID-19. There were no
ICU admissions and no complications of ARDS, acute renal injury and
acute liver injury for all the pregnant throughout the study period. All
of the 155 patients have been discharged as of Jul 8, 2020, the hospital
stay of pregnant patients was 13 days (IQR, 9.0-24.0). These results are
different from those former pneumonias (eg. SARS, MERS, H1N1, et
al)\textsuperscript{17, 18}, which stated that infected pregnant
patients had wore outcomes. This might be associated with: First,
different pathogenicity among these human coronaviruses. For example,
the mortality rate of SARS infection is 10\%\textsuperscript{19}, and
the mortality rate of SARS in pregnant women was
25\%\textsuperscript{20}, while the mortality rate of patients with
COVID-19 is about 1.4\%\textsuperscript{21}. Second, COVID-19 pneumonia
in pregnancy is a complicated clinical scenario, a multidisciplinary
team of medical personnel from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
participated in the whole procedure of caring these patients
comprehensively and timely (the median durations of pregnant women from
illness onset to hospital admission were 5 days). This team, including
obstetrics, internal medicine, paediatrics, infectious diseases,
anaesthesia, psychology, and infection control, has played a positive
role.

\textbf{Strengths and limitations}

This case-control study is the first to systematically compared clinical
course and outcomes of hospitalized pregnant patients with non-pregnant
patients with COVID-19. It was conducted at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan
University in Wuhan, China, from January 1 to May 7, 2020; final date of
follow-up was Jul 8, 2020. This hospital is one of the major teaching
hospitals and is responsible for the treatments for COVID-19 assigned by
the Chinese government under scientific guidance. The research duration
covered the major process of COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan. All of those
ensured adequate number of hospitalized cases and comparability of data.
Our data were collected using a standardized customized data collection
forms from patients' medical records by a trained team of physicians,
and verified independently by 2 investigators. Our study has some
limitations. First, though all the cases were selected at random, few
critical and serious cases were included in this study, limiting the
clinical implications. Second, all patients in this study were from the
Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, there may be different clinical
characteristics in different areas due to differences in race, policies,
culture and medical conditions, so the results should be treated with
caution. Third, neonates were only evaluated at birth, continued
observations of the natural history of the neonates and infants are
needed.

\textbf{Conclusion}

In our study, SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant patients experienced more
obvious inflammatory response, cellular immune deficiency and potential
tissue necrosis. These may reflect the potential severity of the disease
course in pregnancy, but the clinical outcomes are similar between the
two groups. No evidence of neonatal infections and complications had
been shown in this study. Timely, intensive, active management and
surveillance activities from multidisciplinary medical cooperation may
be beneficial for improving the outcomes of pregnant women confirmed to
have SARS-CoV-2 infection and the neonates.

\textbf{Acknowledgements}

We acknowledge all medical staff involved in the diagnosis and treatment
of patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan. We thank Xiuquan Lin, M.D.,from
Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou 211
Project Data Analysis Service Co., Ltd. and Yi Sun, M.D., Shuna Huang
M.M., from School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, for data
collation and statistical analysis. They were not compensated for their
contributions.

\textbf{Disclosure of Interests}

The authors report no conflict of interest. Completed disclosure of
interest forms are available to view online as supporting information.

\textbf{Contribution to Authorship}

XJJ had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility
for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. XXZ
and YYH contributed to the work equally. XXZ, YYH, FJS and HL made
substantial contributions to study concept and design. FJS, HL, GH, YW,
ZSZ, JL and XYL were responsible for the acquisition, analysis, or
interpretation of data, XXZ, XYL and XJJ were responsible for
statistical analysis. XXZ, YYH and XJJ were in charge of the manuscript
draft, XJJ made substantial revisions to the manuscript.

\textbf{Detail of Ethics Approval}

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Renmin Hospital of
Wuhan University (ID: WDRM2020-K141). Written informed consent was
waived by the Ethics Commission of Renmin hospital for emerging
infectious diseases.

\textbf{Funding}

This work was supported by grants of National Natural Science Foundation
of China (No. 81800431 and No. 81800444) and the Natural Science
Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2018CFB415).

\textbf{Data Sharing}

The data used and analyzed during the current study are available from
the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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12, 2020.

20. Wong SF, Chow KM, Leung TN, Ng WF, Ng TK, Shek CC, et al. Pregnancy
and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:292-297.

21. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical
characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in china. N Engl J Med.
2020;382:1708-1720.

\textbf{Table 1. Demographics and Baseline Characteristics of Pregnant
and Non-Pregnant Patients With COVID-19}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
& & Total (N = 155) & Pregnant COVID-19 patients (n = 31) & Non-Pregnant
COVID-19 patients (n = 124) & P Value\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Age, years & Age, years & 30.0 (28.0, 34.0) & 30.0 (27.0, 32.0) & 30.0
(28.0, 34.0) & .491\tabularnewline
Gestational age, weeks \textsuperscript{+ days} & Gestational age, weeks
\textsuperscript{+ days} & NA & 35\textsuperscript{+5}
(18\textsuperscript{+3}, 39\textsuperscript{+1}) & NA &
\ldots{}\tabularnewline
\textbf{Comorbidities} & \textbf{Comorbidities} & & & &\tabularnewline
Anemia & Anemia & 29 (18.7\%) & 13 (41.9\%) & 16 (12.9\%) &
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\tabularnewline
Chronic kidney disease & Chronic kidney disease & 2 (1.3\%) & 1 (3.2\%)
& 1 (0.8\%) & .361\tabularnewline
Hypertension & Hypertension & 2 (1.3\%) & 0 & 2 (1.6\%) &
1.000\tabularnewline
Atrial septal defect & Atrial septal defect & 1 (0.6\%) & 0 & 1 (0.8\%)
& 1.000\tabularnewline
Type 2 diabetes & Type 2 diabetes & 1 (0.6\%) & 0 & 1 (0.8\%) &
1.000\tabularnewline
Endocrine system disease & Endocrine system disease & 1 (0.6\%) & 0 & 1
(0.8\%) & 1.000\tabularnewline
Drug allergy & Drug allergy & 1 (0.6\%) & 0 & 1 (0.8\%) &
1.000\tabularnewline
\textbf{Signs and symptoms} & \textbf{Signs and symptoms} & & &
&\tabularnewline
Fever & Fever & 74 (47.7\%) & 9 (29.0\%) & 65 (52.4\%) &
\textbf{.020}\tabularnewline
Chills & Chills & 5 (3.2\%) & 1 (3.2\%) & 4 (3.2\%) &
1.000\tabularnewline
Cough / Haemoptysis & Cough / Haemoptysis & 71 (45.8\%) & 8 (25.8\%) &
63 (50.8\%) & \textbf{.012}\tabularnewline
Dyspnoea & Dyspnoea & 23 (14.8\%) & 2 (6.5\%) & 21 (16.9\%) &
.236\tabularnewline
Abdominal pain & Abdominal pain & 11 (7.1\%) & 8 (25.8\%) & 3 (2.4\%) &
\textbf{\textless{}0.001}\tabularnewline
Chest pain / Chest distress & Chest pain / Chest distress & 26 (16.8\%)
& 1 (3.2\%) & 25 (20.0\%) & \textbf{.024}\tabularnewline
Pharyngalgia & Pharyngalgia & 19 (12.3\%) & 1 (3.2\%) & 18 (14.5\%) &
.159\tabularnewline
Anorexia & Anorexia & 34 (21.9\%) & 1 (3.2\%) & 33 (26.6\%) &
\textbf{.005}\tabularnewline
Rhinobyon / Rhinorrhoea & Rhinobyon / Rhinorrhoea & 8 (5.2\%) & 1
(3.2\%) & 7 (5.6\%) & .929\tabularnewline
Diarrhea & Diarrhea & 7 (4.5\%) & 1 (3.2\%) & 6 (4.8\%) &
1.000\tabularnewline
Dizziness / Headache & Dizziness / Headache & 9 (5.8\%) & 0 & 9 (7.3\%)
& .264\tabularnewline
Fatigue / Myalgia & Fatigue / Myalgia & 42 (27.1\%) & 0 & 42 (33.9\%) &
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\tabularnewline
Palpitations & Palpitations & 4 (2.6\%) & 0 & 4 (3.2\%) &
.584\tabularnewline
Nausea / Vomiting & Nausea / Vomiting & 2 (1.3\%) & 0 & 2 (1.6\%) &
1.000\tabularnewline
Days from illness onset to, Hospital admission, days & Days from illness
onset to, Hospital admission, days & 7 (4.75,13) & 5 (2.5,10) & 8 (5,
13) & \textbf{.024}\tabularnewline
Systolic pressure, mmHg & 118 (112, 123) & 118 (112, 123) & 113 (108,
121) & 118 (114, 124) & \textbf{.045}\tabularnewline
Respiratory rate \textgreater{}24 bpm & 25 (16.1\%) & 25 (16.1\%) & 5
(16.1\%) & 20 (16.1\%) & 1.000\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Data are median (IQR) or n (\%). NA, not applicable; bpm, beats per
minute; P values indicate differences between Pregnant COVID-19 and non-
Pregnant COVID-19 patients are from \selectlanguage{greek}χ\selectlanguage{ngerman}² test, Fisher's exact test, or
Mann-Whitney U test. P \textless{} 0.05 was considered statistically
significant.

\textbf{Table 2. Laboratory Findings of Pregnant and Non-Pregnant
Patients With COVID-19 on Admission to Hospital}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Normal Range\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total (N = 155)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Pregnant COVID-19 patients (n = 31)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Non-Pregnant COVID-19 patients (n = 124)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
P Value\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Leucocytes counts,\selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4-10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.9 (5.1, 7.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.0 (6.5, 11.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.6 (4.6, 6.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10/147 (6.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1/31 (3.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9/116 (7.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4--10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
124/147 (84.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
21/31 (67.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
103/116 (88.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\ldots{}}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textgreater{}10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13/147 (8.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9/31 (29.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4/116 (3.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\ldots{}}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Neutrophil counts,\selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.8-6.3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.4 (2.7, 4.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.2 (4.7, 8.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.1 (2.5, 3.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Lymphocyte counts,\selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.0-3.2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.7 (1.3, 2.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.3 (1.1, 1.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.8 (1.4, 2.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}1\selectlanguage{ngerman}·0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11/147 (7.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4/31 (12.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7/116 (6.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.364\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
[?]1\selectlanguage{ngerman}·0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
136/147 (92.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27/31 (87.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
109/116 (94.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Monocyte,\selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.1-0.6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.4 (0.3, 0.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.4 (0.3, 0.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.4 (0.3, 0.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{.022}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Platelet counts,\selectlanguage{ngerman}× 10\selectlanguage{english}9/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
125-350\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
226.5 (188.5, 267.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
233.2 (194.0, 259.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
226.0 (188.2, 270.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.716\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2/147 (1.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2/116 (1.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.000\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
[?]100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
145/147 (98.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31/31 (100.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
114/116 (98.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hemoglobin, g/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
115-150\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
123.0 (115.7, 131.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
117.0 (105.0, 122.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
126.0 (117.0, 132.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Albumin, g/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40-55\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41.7 (38.6, 43.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37.2 (35.2, 38.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.1 (40.5, 43.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Creatine kinase, U/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}171\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.3 (31.0, 57.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33.7 (20.2, 67.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.8 (33.0, 56.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.312\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
[?]185\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
140/140 (100.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28/28 (100.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
112/112 (100.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textgreater{}185\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
125-245\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
179.0 (146.0, 204.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
202.5 (181.3, 220.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
168.5 (140.7, 199.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
[?]245\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
129/140 (92.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24/28 (85.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
105/112 (93.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.307\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textgreater{}245\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11/140 (7.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4/28 (14.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7/112 (6.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7-40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.6 (11.3, 27.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.0 (10.6, 26.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19.5 (12.0, 28.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.137\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13-40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19.0 (15.2, 24.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.2 (15.2, 28.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19.0 (15.2, 23.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.434\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
[?]40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
138/142 (97.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28/28 (100.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
110/114 (96.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.585\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textgreater{}40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4/142 (2.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4/114 (3.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total bilirubin, mmol/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0-23\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.3 (7.5, 11.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.7 (7.5, 11.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.3 (7.6, 11.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.788\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.1-8.8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.63 (3.1, 4.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.0 (2.6, 3.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.7 (3.2, 4.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Serum creatinine, \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}mol/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41-81\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
48.0 (42.0, 53.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.2 (38.0, 48.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49.0 (42.7, 53.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{.003}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
[?]133\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
139/140 (99.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28/28 (100.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
111/112 (99.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.000\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textgreater{}133\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1/140 (0.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1/112 (0.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Potassium, mmol/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
136-147\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.9 (3.8, 4.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.9 (3.7, 4.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.0 (3.8, 4.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{.043}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sodium, mmol/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.5-5.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
140.4 (139.0, 142.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
140.0 (138.0, 142.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
140.4 (139.0, 142.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.514\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
C-reactive protein, mg/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0-3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.5 (0.5, 6.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
17.7 (3.5, 27.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.5 (0.5, 0.5)\textsuperscript{\^{}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Procalcitonin, ng/mL\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{} 0.5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.06 (0.04, 0.09)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\textsuperscript{\&}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hypersensitive troponin I, ng/mL\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0-0.04\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.006 (0.006, 0.006)\textsuperscript{\^{}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\textsuperscript{\&}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Bilateral distribution of patchy shadows or ground glass opacity\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NA\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
109/155 (70.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27/31 (87.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
88/124 (70.9\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.077\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Data are median (IQR) or n/N (\%), where N is the total number of
patients with available data. NA, not applicable; P values indicate
differences between Pregnant COVID-19 and non- Pregnant COVID-19
patients are from \selectlanguage{greek}χ\selectlanguage{ngerman}² test, Fisher's exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test.
P \textless{} 0.05 was considered statistically significant. \^{}Results
displayed as \textless{} 0.5 or \textless{} 0.006 were adopted as 0.5 or
0.006 for statistical analysis, respectively; \textsuperscript{\&}Data
are insufficient for statistics.

\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}\textbf{Table 3. Complications、Treatments and Outcomes of Pregnant and
Non-Pregnant Patients With COVID-19}\end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total (N = 155)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Pregnant COVID-19 patients (n = 31)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Non-Pregnant COVID-19 patients (n = 124)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
P Value\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{ICU admission}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5 (3.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5 (4.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.584\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Complications}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ARDS\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (0.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (0.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.000\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Acute kidney injury\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (0.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (0.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.000\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Acute liver injury\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4 (2.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4 (3.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.584\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Urinary tract infection\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2 (1.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (3.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (0.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.361\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Treatments}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Antiviral therapy\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
132 (85.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27 (87.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
105 (84.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.955\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Antibiotic therapy\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
94 (60.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27 (87.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
67 (54.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Corticosteroid\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43 (27.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
23 (74.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20 (16.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Immunoglobulin\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
32 (20.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5 (16.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27 (21.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.487\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Continuous renal replacement therapy\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (0.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (0.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.000\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Oxygen support}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
56 (36.1\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
22 (71.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
34 (27.4\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Mask and Nasal cannula\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
53 (34.2\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
22 (71.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31 (25.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\ldots{}}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2 (1.3\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2 (1.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Invasive mechanical ventilation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Invasive mechanical ventilation and ECMO\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (0.6\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (0.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Clinical outcomes}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hospital stays, days\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9 (8.0, 17.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13 (9.0, 24.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.0 (8.0, 15.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.062\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Discharge\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
155 (100.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31 (100.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
124 (100.0\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\ldots{}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Data are median (IQR) or n (\%). ICU, intensive care unit; ARDS, acute
respiratory distress syndrome; DIC, disseminated intravascular
coagulopathy; P values indicate differences between Pregnant COVID-19
and non- Pregnant COVID-19 patients are from \selectlanguage{greek}χ\selectlanguage{ngerman}² test, Fisher's exact
test, or Mann-Whitney U test. P \textless{} 0.05 was considered
statistically significant.

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

