LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Transient production of recombinant spike in HEK and CHO cells. HEK Expi293F cells and CHO-S cells were transfected with plasmids encoding spike gene using PEI under optimized conditions and cultured at 37°C or 32°C. CHO cultures were fed every 2 days with 5% v/v EfficientFeed B. (A) Recombinant qP and titer. (B) Viable cell density post-transfection (cell viability >70%). (C) Coomassie-stained reducing SDS-PAGE gel of purified HEK and CHO cell-derived spike (~190 kDa).
Figure 2. Development of a stable production platform for SARS-CoV-2 spike in CHO cells. (A) Generation and analysis of CHO stable transfectant pools expressing recombinant spike under the control of synthetic promoters. CHO-S cells were electroporated in duplicate with plasmids containing a GS gene driven by an SV40 promoter and a spike gene driven by either a 40RPU or 100RPU synthetic promoter, followed by selection in glutamine-free media containing 25 μM or 50 μM MSX under suspension condition. Recovered cell pools were assessed for their ability to express spike in a 3-days batch culture by Western blot. Figure shown is a representative Western blot of two technical replicates. (B) Cells from the best performing pools in A were inoculated and cultured at 37°C, 32°C, or 37°C with a shift to 32°C at Day 3. Cultures were fed every 2 days with 5% v/v EfficientFeed B. (C) Comparison of the fed-batch culture production performance without or with a chemical addition (chemical screening data is shown in Supplementary Figure S2). 1 mM VPA and/or 12.5 mM betaine were added at Day 4 for the biphasic cultures or at Day 6 for the 32°C cultures. Data are normalized with respect to culture at 37°C without any chemical addition. Data shown are the mean value ± standard deviation of two independently generated stable pools each performed in duplicate.
Figure 3. Optimization of affinity chromatography purification strategies for spike protein using HisTrap columns. (A) Coomassie stained gel of the initial purification strategy of spike utilizing the method from Stadlbauer et al. (2020) with associated impurities identified using tandem mass spectrometry. (B) Assessment of spike sample shown in A by Western Blot. (C) Gradient elution of spike protein starting from 10 mM imidazole up to a final concentration of 250 mM imidazole. (D) Purified spike from optimized step elution affinity chromatography.
Figure 4. Evaluation of CHO-spike anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA. (A) 234 negative serum samples (taken pre-COVID-19 outbreak) and 26 positive serum samples (taken ≥15 days post-positive PCR test) were used to evaluate the assay performance, yielding an overall sensitivity of 92.3% anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. (B) To determine the assay precision, 1 serum sample was assayed in triplicates at 5 separate times over 2 days (n = 15).