GGC induces apoptotic cell death in NSCLC.
To analyze the apoptotic effect of GGC, we performed various assays to measure programmed cell death. As shown Fig. 3A, GGC caused subG1 phase arrest in A549 and H1299 cells. Early apoptosis was promoted and peak was shift to right side with apoptosis. In addition, as shown in Fig. 3B, GGC promoted apoptosis through modulating caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. Next, we noted that cell proliferation was significantly reduced upon GGC exposure in both A549 and H1299 cells (Fig. 3C). Moreover, GGC also attenuated the expression of various oncogenic molecules at protein and mRNA levels (Fig. 4A and C). Moreover, IL-6 promoted articulation of oncogenic markers was also affected upon GGC exposure (Fig. 4B and D).