2.4. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation
Computational fluid dynamics simulation software Fluent (ANSYS, USA) was used for the calculations of shear stress and vectors. Rotary bioreactors (rotary-paddle bioreactors) were used with steady-state analysis and realizable κ-ε model, and reciprocal bioreactors (reciprocal-mixing bioreactors) were used with non-steady-state analysis and realizable κ -ε model. Physical properties, used in the CFD simulations of CHO cell culture, were set as measured values of viscosity (5 mPa-s) and specific density (1005 kg/m3).