2.4. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation
Computational fluid dynamics simulation software Fluent (ANSYS, USA) was
used for the calculations of shear stress and vectors. Rotary
bioreactors (rotary-paddle bioreactors) were used with steady-state
analysis and realizable κ-ε model, and reciprocal bioreactors
(reciprocal-mixing bioreactors) were used with non-steady-state analysis
and realizable κ -ε model. Physical properties, used in the CFD
simulations of CHO cell culture, were set as measured values of
viscosity (5 mPa-s) and specific density (1005 kg/m3).