Team Climate Inventory
We used the Team Climate Inventory (TCI) to measure team climate in the included surgical teams. The TCI is developed by Anderson and West and is a widely used validated survey.20-23 A 5-point Likert scale was used, ranging from 1 (‘disagree strongly’) to 5 (‘agree strongly’). The TCI measures team climate based on four climate dimensions essential for successfully implementing innovations such as perioperative briefing and debriefing: 1) participative safety, 2) support for innovation, 3) vision, and 4) task orientation. Participative safety acknowledges that trust is essential for members’ involvement, which is especially important for the successful performance of perioperative briefing and debriefing. Detailed information on the TCI is described elsewhere.20 24 25The TCI was conducted in 2014 (4 months after the implementation of perioperative briefing and debriefing), 2016 (2.5 years after implementation) and in 2019 (5 years after implementation).