Study Method Therapeutic agents Mechanism of Action
Chen et al (2020) [6] Brief Review Convalescent Plasma Suppress viremia which peaks in first week of illness
Dong et al (2020) [7]
a) In vitro b) In vitro c) In vitro d) In vitro e) In vitro INF alpha, Lopinavir /Ritonavir, Ribavirin , Chloroquine, Arborol Favipiravir Remedesivir Darunavir Imatinib SARS-CoV Reproduction inhibit Anti-influenza drug, RNA polymerase inhibitor Nucleoside analogue HIV Protease inhibitor, inhibit viral replication blocks the fusion of virus with endosomal membrane
Cortegiani et al (2020) [8] Brief review Chloroquine increase endosomal pH and interfere with the glycosylation of cellular receptor of SARS-CoV results in blocking virus infection. Enhances antiviral effect in vivo via immune modulant effect
Stebbing et al (2020) [9]
a) Brief review b) Brief review Baricitinib, fedratinib, ruxolitinib Sunitinib, erlotinib, JAK STAT signaling inhibitor effective against elevated levels of cytokines NAK inhibitor, reduce viral infection in vitro
XU et al [10] Screening Tocilizumab Binds sIL-6R and mIL-6R and inhibit signal transduction
Caly et al (2020) [11] In vitro Ivermectin Inhibits replication of SARS –CoV-2
Monteil et al [12] In vitro Human recombinant soluble ACE-2 Blocks growth of SARS-CoV-2
Gurwitz et al (2020) [13] Review Losartan Angiotensin receptor blocker (AT1R), increases ACE expression in SARS –CoV-2 patient
Chen et al (2020) [14] In vitro Ledipasvir, Velpatasvir, Sofosbuvir, Etoposide, Diosmin, Hespiridin Block enzyme and the active site of SARS-CoV-2
Wang et al (2020) [15] In vitro Human monoclonal antibody Targeting trimeric spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2
Liu et al (2020) [16] In vitro Hydroxychloroquine Antiviral less toxic derivative of CQ
Dong et al (2020) [17]
a) In vitro b) In vitro and clinical c)Clinical d)In vitro and clinical e) In vitro f) In vitro g) Animal experiments h) In vitro INF alpha Lopinavir/Ritonavir Ribavirin Chloroquine Arbidol Favipiravir Remdesivir Darunavir Inhibits SARS CoV reproduction. FDA approved antiviral-broad spectrum drug used to treat hepatitis Anti SARS CoV activity Nucleoside analog with broad spectrum antiviral activity Anti-malarial blocks SARS CoV infection at low micro molar concentration Antiviral drug used to treat influenza and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection Anti influenza drug having RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor activity Broad spectrum antiviral drug act as nucleoside analog reduce viral load in lung tissue Second generation of HIV 1 protease inhibitor inhibit SARS CoV infection
Nicholas Moore [18] In vitro and experimental data Chloroquine Inhibit corona virus replication
Ali Rismanbaf [19]
Review
Chloroquine, Remdesivir, Teicoplanin, Lopinavir, Remdesivir, Atazanavir, Efavirenz Ritonavir, Lithium, ACE inhibitors and many others
Reduce viral infection due to SARS CoV 2
Sanders et al [20]
a) In vitro b) In vitro c)In vitro d)In vitro e) In vitro f) In vitro g) In vitro Chloroquine phosphate Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Lopinavir/ritonavir Makeover Remdesivir Favipiravir Tocilizumab Blockade of viral entry via Inhibition of glycosylation of host receptors, endosomal acidification, and proteolytic processing Immunomodulatory effects through autophagy inhibition of cytokine production, and lysosomal activity in host cells Hydroxychloroquine shares the same mechanism of action as chloroquine 3CL protease S protein/ACE2, membrane fusion inhibitor RNA polymerase inhibitor RNA polymerase inhibitor IL-6 inhibition- reduction in cytokine storm
Yavuz et al (2020) [21]
a) In vitro and clinical trial b) In vitro and clinical trial c)In vitro and clinical trial d)In vitro and clinical trial E) In vitro and clinical trial f) In vitro g) In vitro Remdesivir Favipiravir Lopinavir/ritonavir Hydroxychloroquine Chloroquine Nitazoxanide Ivermectin Adenosine nucleotide analogue, prodrug, RdRp inhibitor Guanosinenucleotid analogue, prodrug, RdRp inhibitor Protease inhibitor Increase pH of endosomes required for virus cell fusion and block the glycosylation of cellular receptors of ACE-2 Increase pH of endosomes required for virus cell fusion and block the glycosylation of cellular receptors of ACE-2 Amplifying cytoplasmic RNA sensing, Interference with host-regulated pathways involved in viral replication, and interfere with type I IFN pathways Inhibit importin 1 heterodimer thus block nuclear import of host and viral protein
Gautret et al (2020) [22]
a) non-randomized clinical trial b) non-randomized clinical trial Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Increase pH of endosomes required for virus cell fusion and block the glycosylation of cellular receptors of ACE-2 In vitro effective against Ebola and Zika virus, combined with hydroxychloroquine to inhibit SARS CoV 2 activity
Gao et al [23] Brief review Chloroquine phosphate Anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activity
Casadevall et al [24] Perspective Convalescent sera Passive immunity
Guo et al [25] Review Serum. Remdesivir, IgG, Chloroquine, IFN-alpha, IL-6, Lopinavir/ritonavir Autophagy inhibition, interference with receptor glycosylation
Zhao et al [26] In vitro study Plasma Antibody response detection in COVID patients
Yao et al [27] In vitro study Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2
Fu et al [28] Review Immunoglobulins FcR activation blockage
Vincent et al [29] In vitro study Chloroquine SARS-CoV-2 inhibition
Zhang et al [30] Structural X-ray analysis Alpha ketomide inhibitor Inhibition of M protease
H Zhang et al [31] Review Camostat Mesylate Protease inhibitor
Nguyen et al [32] Perspective CRISPR/Cas13d technology Functional disruption of the virus
Bouadma et al [33] Review Remdesivir, corticosteroids Anti-inflammatory effects
Poe et al [34] In vivo, in vitro and clinical trials N-Acetylcysteine Anti-oxidant and increase glutathione synthesis thus decreasing viral load, anti-inflammatory
Bimonte et al [35]
a) In vitro and clinical trial b) In vitro and clinical trial c)In vitro and clinical trial d)Review e) In vitro and clinical trial Lopinavir/ritonavir Ribavirin Chloroquine phosphate Remdesivir Neuraminidase inhibitors Tocilizumab Protease inhibitor Nucleoside anlog inhibiting viral replication and protein synthesis Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Adenosine nucleotide analogue, prodrug, RdRp inhibitor Block neuraminidase enzyme Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody binding to IL 6 receptors both soluble and membrane bounded
ANDREOU et al [36]
a)In vitro b)In vitro c)In vitro d)In vitro Copper and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) Remdesivir Colchicine Nitric Oxide (NO) Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory RNA polymerase inhibitor anti-inflammatory Vasodilatory effects on pulmonary vessels
Lopes et al [37]
Randomized trial
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
Decreasing the production of angiotensin and blocking its receptors, reduces lung injury
Ayaz et al [38]
In vitro
Polycomb inhibitors Plays a role in modulating viral replication by inhibiting replication of viruses
Shu et al [39]
In vitro
Bismuth Salts
Inhibit both the NTPase and RNA helicase activities of SARS-CoV-2
Palanques-Pastor et al [40] Clinical trial siltuximab IL-6 blockers
Pandey et al [41]
a) In vitro b) Clinical trial c)Clinical trial d)Clinical trial e) Clinical trial f) Clinical trial g) In vitro h) In vitro i)In vitro j) Review k) In vitro l)In vitro m)In vitro n) In vitro o) In vitro p) In vitro q) In vitro and clinical trial r) In vitro s) In vitro t) Clinical trial u) In vitro Metal ions Chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Lopinavir and Ritonavir Remdesivir Ribavirin Arbidol Favipiravir Darunavir Oseltamivir Interferons Azithromycin Teicoplanin Sirolimus Baricitinib Cyclosporine Tocilizumab Ivermectin ACE 2 inhibitors Convalescent plasma Tetracycline Protease inhibitor Inhibit COVID 19 Same as Chloroquine Protease inhibitor Adenosine nucleotide analog inhibit viral replication Viral protein synthesis inhibitor Viricidal RNA polymerase inhibitor Inhibit viral replication Prevent release of virus from infected cell SARS CoV 2 inhibitors Interferes with viral entry Inhibits viral entry Inhibit IL 2 dependent lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting mammalian kinase Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor Reduce viral load by binding with RNA dependent RNA polymerase of virus Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody Inhibit viral replication Blocking viral entry Suppress viremia Antiviral activity, Decreases severity of infection
Ibáñez et al [42] In vitro and clinical trial Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine Inhibit viral entry and anti-inflammatory
Rilinger et al [43] Perspective Tocilizumab Anti-inflammatory
Sarma et al [44] Clinical trial Hydroxychloroquine Blocks viral infection
Wilde et al [45]
In vitro
Cyclosporin A
Inhibited coronavirus replication
Abeygunasekera et al [46] Brief review Diethylcarbamazine Immune modulatory, Enhance antibody production, antiviral activity
Biembengut et al [47] In silico approach. Coagulation modifiers Targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro
Irvani et al [48]
Perspective
Interferon Beta 1a, compared to Interferon Beta 1b
Tan et al [49] In vitro Betaferon, Alferon, Multiferon, Wellferon, and ribavirin Inhibit cytopathic effect in SARS CoV 2
Chu et al [50] In vitro Lopinavir/ritonavir Inhibit cytopathic effect of the SARS CoV2
Vellingiri et al [51]
a) Brief review b) Brief review c)Brief review d)Brief review e) Brief review f) Brief review g) Brief review Ribavirin Sofosbuvir Lopinavir/Ritonavir Remidesivir Chloroquine Favipiravir Indian medicinal plant Inhibit RNA polymerase of the virus Nucleotide polymerase inhibitor Protease inhibitor Causes premature termination by entering the nascent viral RNA Immune modulating properties Anti-viral drug Provide raw material for antiviral effects
W Zhang et al [52]
a) Brief review b) Brief review c)Brief review d)Brief review Glucocorticoids Tocilizumab JAK inhibitors Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine Immunomodulatory therapy Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody binding with IL 6 receptors Interferes with cytokine and reduce inflammation Block viral entry into the cell
Torre et al [53] Clinical trial Colchicine Causes tubulin disruption, anti-inflammatory
Rosenberg et al [54] Retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin Suppression of the activity of SARS CoV 2
YE et al [55] Clinical trial Convalescent plasma Reduce viremia
Yang Z et al [56] Clinical trial Dexamethasone Anti-inflammatory