vi. References:
Adams, W. W. III, Cohu, C. M., Muller, O., & Demmig-Adams, B. (2013). Foliar phloem infrastructure in support of photosynthesis.Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 194.
Adams, W. W. III, Cohu, C. M., Amiard, V., & Demmig-Adams, B. (2014). Associations between phloem-cell wall ingrowths in minor veins and maximal photosynthesis rate. Frontiers in Plant Science , 5, 24.
Adams, W. W. III, Stewart, J. J., Cohu, C. M., Muller, O., & Demmig-Adams, B. (2016). Habitat temperature and precipitation ofArabidopsis thaliana ecotypes determine the response of foliar vasculature, photosynthesis, and transpiration to growth temperature.Frontiers in Plant Science , 7, 1026.
Adams, W. W. III, Stewart, J. J., Polutchko, S. K., & Demmig-Adams, B. (2018) Leaf vasculature and the upper limit of photosynthesis. In Adams, W. W. III & Terashima, I. (eds) The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, Vol. 44, Springer: Cham. pp. 27-54.
Afgan, E., Baker, D., Batut, B., van den Beek, M., Bouvier, D., Cech, M., . . . Blankenberg, D. (2018). The Galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update.Nucleic Acids Research, 46(W1), W537-W544.
Anderson, J. M., Chow, W. S., & Park, Y. I. (1995). The grand design of photosynthesis: acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to environmental cues. Photosynthesis Research, 46(1-2), 129-139.
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts - polyphenoloxidase in Beta-vulgaris . Plant Physiology,24(1), 1-15.
Ågren, J., & Schemske, D. W. (2012). Reciprocal transplants demonstrate strong adaptive differentiation of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana in its native range. New Phytologist, 194(4), 1112-1122.
Ågren, J., Oakley, C. G., McKay, J. K., Lovell, J. T., & Schemske, D. W. (2013). Genetic mapping of adaptation reveals fitness tradeoffs inArabidopsis thaliana . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(52), 21077-21082.
Barratt, D. H. P., Derbyshire, P., Findlay, K., Pike, M., Wellner, N., Lunn, J., . . . Smith, A. M. (2009). Normal growth of Arabidopsisrequires cytosolic invertase but not sucrose synthase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106(31), 13124-13129.
Baylis, T., Cierlik, I., Sundberg, E., Mattsson, J. (2013). SHORT INTERDODES/STYLISH genes, regulators of auxin biosynthesis, are involved in leaf vein development in Arabidopsis thaliana .New Phytologist , 197(3), 737-750.
Bhaskara, G. B., Wen, T. N., Nguyen, T. T., & Verslues, P. E. (2017). Protein phosphatase 2Cs and microtubule-associated stress protein 1 control microtubule stability, plant growth, and drought response.Plant Cell, 29(1), 169-191.
Biedroñ , M., & Banasiak, A. (2018). Auxin-mediated regulation of vascular patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Cell Reports, 37(9), 1215-1229.
Bieniawska, Z., Barratt, D. H. P., Garlick, A. P., Thole, V., Kruger, N. J., Martin, C., . . . Smith, A. M. (2007). Analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in Arabidopsis . Plant Journal, 49(5), 810-828.
Boardman, N. K. (1977). Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28, 355-377.
Bode, R., Ivanov, A. G., & Hüner, N. P. A (2016). Global transcriptome analyses provide evidence that chloroplast redox state contributes to intracellular as well as long-distance signalling in response to stress and acclimation in Arabidopsis . Photosynthesis Research,128(3), 287-312.
Branco-Price, C., Kawaguchi, R., Ferreira, R. B., & Bailey-Serres, J. (2005). Genome-wide analysis of transcript abundance and translation in arabidopsis seedlings subjected to oxygen deprivation. Annals of Botany, 96 (4), 647-660.
Castonguay, Y., Bertrand, A., Michaud, R., & Laberge, S. (2011). Cold-induced biochemical and molecular changes in alafalfa populations selectively improved for freezing tolerance. Crop Physiology & Metabolism , 51(5), 2132-2144.
Cohu, C. M., Muller, O., Adams, W. W. III, & Demmig-Adams, B. (2014). Leaf anatomical and photosynthetic acclimation to cool temperature and high light in two winter versus two summer annuals. Physiologia Plantarum, 152(1), 164-173.
Cohu, C. M., Muller, O., Demmig-Adams, B., & Adams, W. W. III (2013a). Minor loading vein acclimation for three Arabidopsis thalianaecotypes in response to growth under different temperature and light regimes. Frontiers in Plant Science , 4, 240.
Cohu, C. M., Muller, O., Stewart, J. J., Demmig-Adams, B., & Adams, W. W. III (2013b). Association between minor loading vein architecture and light- and CO2-saturated rates of photosynthetic oxygen evolution among Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes from different latitudes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 264.
Dekkers, B. J., Willems, L., Bassel, G. W., van Bolderen-Veldkamp, R. P., Ligterink, W., Hilhorst, H. W., & Bentsink, L. (2012). Identification of reference genes for RT-qPCR expression analysis inArabidopsis and tomato seeds. Plant and Cell Physiology,53(1), 28-37.
Delieu, T., & Walker, D. A. (1981). Polarographic measurement of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by leaf discs. New Phytologist,89(2), 165-178.
Ding, Y., Lv, J., Shi, Y., Gao, J., Hua, J., Song, C., . . . Yang, S. (2019). EGR2 phosphatase regulates OST1 kinase activity and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis . European Molecular Biology Orgranization Journal, 38(1), e99819.
Dumlao, M. R., Darehshouri, A., Cohu, C. M., Muller, O., Mathias, J., Adams, W. W. III, & Demmig-Adams, B. (2012). Low temperature acclimation of photosynthetic capacity and leaf morphology in the context of phloem loading type. Photosynthesis Research,113(1-3), 181-189.
Eremina, M., Rozhon, W., & Poppenberger, B. (2016). Hormonal control of cold stress responses in plants. Cell Molecular Life Sciences,73(4), 797-810.
Etchells, J. P., & Turner, S. R. (2017). Realizing pipe dreams - a detailed picture of vascular development. Journal of Experimental Botany , 68(1), 1-4.
Fàbregas, N., Formosa-Jordan, P., Confraria, A., Siligato, R., Alonso, J. M., Swarup, R., Bennett, M. J., Pekka Mähönen, A., Caño-Delgado, A. I., & Ibañes, M. (2015). Auxin influx carriers control vascular patterning and xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana .PLoS Genetics , 11(4), e1005183.
Fowler, S., & Thomashow, M. F. (2002). Arabidopsis transcriptome profiling indicates that multiple regulatory pathways are activated during cold acclimation in addition to the CBF cold response pathway.Plant Cell, 14(8), 1675-1690.
Gauhl, E. (1976). Photosynthetic response to varying light intensity in ecotypes of Solanum-dulcamara L. from shaded and exposed habitats. Oecologia, 22(3), 275-286.
Gehan, M. A., Park, S., Gilmour, S. J., An, C., Lee, C. M., & Thomashow, M. F. (2015). Natural variation in the C-repeat binding factor cold response pathway correlates with local adaptation ofArabidopsis ecotypes. Plant Journal, 84(4), 682-693.
Gilmour, S. J., Fowler, S. G., & Thomashow, M. F. (2004).Arabidopsis transcriptional activators CBF1, CBF2, and CBF3 have matching functional activities. Plant Molecular Biology, 54(5), 767-781.
Gordon, A. (2010). FASTQ: A short-reads pre-processing tools. Retrieved from http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit/.
Gorsuch, P. A., Pandey, S., & Atkin, O. K. (2010). Temporal heterogeneity of cold acclimation phenotypes in Arabidopsisleaves. Plant Cell and Environment, 33(2), 244-258.
Hoshino, R., Yoshida, Y., & Tsukaya, H. (2019). Multiple steps of leaf thickening during sun-leaf formation in Arabidopsis . Plant Journal . 100(4), 738-737.
Huner, N. P. A., Öquist, G., Hurry, V. M., Krol, M., Falk, S., & Griffith, M. (1993). photosynthesis, photoinhibition and low-temperature acclimation in cold tolerant plants. Photosynthesis Research,37(1), 19-39.
Huner, N. P. A., Öquist, G., & Sarhan, F. (1998). Energy balance and acclimation to light and cold. Trends in Plant Science, 3(6), 224-230.
Hüner, N. P. A., Bode, R., Dahal, K., Hollis, L., Rosso, D., Krol, M., & Ivanov, A. G. (2012). Chloroplast redox imbalance governs phenotypic plasticity: the ”grand design of photosynthesis” revisited.Frontiers in Plant Sciences, 3, 255.
Hüner, N. P. A., Dahal, K., Kurepin, L. V., Savitch, L., Singh, J., Ivanov, A. G., . . . Sarhan, F. (2014). Potential for increased photosynthetic performance and crop productivity in response to climate change: role of CBFs and gibberellic acid. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2, 18.
Hüner, N. P. A., Dahal, K., Bode, R., Kurepin, L. V., & Ivanov, A. G. (2016). Photosynthetic acclimation, vernalization, crop productivity and ’the grand design of photosynthesis’. Journal of Plant Physiology, 203, 29-43.
Jia, Y., Ding, Y., Shi, Y., Zhang, X., Gong, Z., & Yang, S. (2016). The cbfs triple mutants reveal the essential functions of CBFs in cold acclimation and allow the definition of CBF regulons inArabidopsis . New Phytologist, 212(2), 345-353.
Kang, J., Zhang, H., Sun, T., Shi, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, B., . . . Gu, H. (2013). Natural variation of C-repeat-binding factor(CBF s) genes is a major cause of divergence in freezing tolerance among a group of Arabidopsis thaliana populations along the Yangtze River in China. New Phytologist, 199(4), 1069-1080.
Katagiri, Y., Hasegawa, J., Fujikura, U., Hoshino, R., Matsunaga, S., & Tsukaya, H. (2016). The coordination of ploidy and cell size differs between cell layers in leaves. Development, 143(7), 1120-1125.
Kilian, J., Whitehead, D., Horak, J., Wanke, D., Weinl, S., Batistic, O., . . . Harter, K. (2007). The AtGenExpress global stress expression data set: protocols, evaluation and model data analysis of UV-B light, drought and cold stress responses. Plant Journal, 50(2), 347-363.
Kim, D., Landmead, B., & Salzberg, S. L. (2015). HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements. Nature Methods, 12(4), 357-360.
Knight, M. R., & Knight, H. (2012). Low-temperature perception leading to gene expression and cold tolerance in higher plants. New Phytologist, 195(4), 737-751.
Kolde, R. (2018). pheatmap: Pretty Heatmaps. R package version 1.0.10. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pheatmap.
Kondo, Y., Tamaki, T., & Fukuda, H. (2014). Regulation of xylem fate.Frontiers in Plant Science , 5, 315.
Kozuka, T., Kong, S. G., Doi, M., Shimazaki, K., & Nagatani, A. (2011). Tissue-autonomous promotion of palisade cell development by Phototropin 2 in Arabidopsis . Plant Cell, 23(10), 3684-3695.
Lee, C. M., & Thomashow, M. F. (2012). Photoperiodic regulation of the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) cold acclimation pathway and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,109(37), 15054-15059.
Leonardos, E. D., Savitch, L. V., Huner, N. P. A., Öquist, G., & Grodzinski, B. (2003). Daily photosynthetic and C-export patterns in winter wheat leaves during cold stress and acclimation.Physiologia Plantarum , 117(4), 521-531.
Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2– ΔΔCT method. Methods,25(4), 402-408.
Lopez-Juez, E., Bowyer, J. R., & Sakai, T. (2007). Distinct leaf developmental and gene expression responses to light quantity depend on blue-photoreceptor or plastid-derived signals, and can occur in the absence of phototropins. Planta, 227(1), 113-123.
Love, M. I., Huber, W., & Anders, S. (2014). Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biology, 15(12), 550.
Marcos, D., & Berleth, T. (2014). Dynamic auxin transport patterns preceding vein formation revealed by live-imaging of Arabidopsis leaf primordia. Frontiers in Plant Science , 5, 235.
McKhann, H. I., Gery, C., Berard, A., Leveque, S., Zuther, E., Hincha, D. K., . . . Teoule, E. (2008). Natural variation in CBF gene sequence, gene expression and freezing tolerance in the Versailles core collection of Arabidopsis thaliana . BioMed Central Plant Biology, 8, 105.
Mizoi, J., Shinozaki, K., & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2012). AP2/ERF family transcription factors in plant abiotic stress responses.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1819(2), 86-96.
Monroe, J. G., McGovern, C., Lasky, J. R., Grogan, K., Beck, J., & Mckay, J. K. (2016). Adaptation to warmer climates by parallel functional evolution of CBF genes in Arabidopsis thaliana .Molecular Ecology, 25(15), 3632-3644.
Muller, O., Stewart, J. J., Cohu, C. M., Polutchko, S. K., Demmig-Adams, B., & Adams, W. W. III (2014). Leaf architectural, vascular, and photosynthetic acclimation to temperature in two biennials.Physiologia Plantarum , 152(4), 763-772.
Munekage, Y. N., Inoue, S., Yoneda, Y., & Yokota, A. (2015). Distinct palisade tissue development processes promoted by leaf autonomous signalling and long-distance signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana.Plant Cell and Environment , 38(6), 1116-1126.
Noren, L., Kindgren, P., Stachula, P., Ruhl, M., Eriksson, M. E., Hurry, V., & Strand, Å. (2016). Circadian and plastid signaling pathways are integrated to ensure correct expression of the CBF and COR genes during photoperiodic growth. Plant Physiology , 171(2), 1392-1406.
Oakley, C. G., Ågren, J., Atchison, R. A., & Schemske, D. W. (2014). QTL mapping of freezing tolerance: links to fitness and adaptive trade-offs. Molecular Ecology , 23(17), 4304-4315.
Park, S., Gilmour, S. J., Grumet, R., & Thomashow, M. F. (2018). CBF-dependent and CBF-independent regulatory pathways contribute to the differences in freezing tolerance and cold-regulated gene expression of two Arabidopsis ecotypes locally adapted to sites in Sweden and Italy. PLoS One , 13(12), e0207723.
Pertea, M., Pertea, G. M., Antonescu, C. M., Chang, T. C., Mendell, J. T., & Salzberg, S. L. (2015). StringTie enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads. Nature Biotechnology , 33(3), 290-295.
Sanderson, B. J., Park, S., Jameel, M. I., Kraft, J. C., Thomashow, M. F., Schemske, D. W., & Oakley, C. G. (2020). Genetic and physiological mechanisms of freezing tolerance in locally adapted populations of a winter annual. American Journal of Botany , 107(2), 250-261.
Savitch, L. V., Allard, G., Seki, M., Robert, L. S., Tinker, N. A., Huner, N. P. A., . . . Singh, J. (2005). The effect of overexpression of two Brassica CBF/DREB1 -like transcription factors on photosynthetic capacity and freezing tolerance in Brassica napus .Plant and Cell Physiology , 46(9), 1525-1539.
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., & Eliceiri, K. W. (2012). NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods , 9(7), 671-675.
Shi, Y., Ding, Y., & Yang, S. (2018). Molecular regulation of CBF signaling in cold acclimation. Trends in Plant Science , 23(7), 623-637.
Stewart, J. J., Adams, W. W. III, Cohu, C. M., Polutchko, S. K., Lombardi, E. M., & Demmig-Adams, B. (2015). Differences in light-harvesting, acclimation to growth-light environment, and leaf structural development between Swedish and Italian ecotypes ofArabidopsis thaliana . Planta , 242(6), 1277-1290.
Stewart, J. J., Demmig-Adams, B., Cohu, C. M., Wenzl, C. A., Muller, O., & Adams, W. W. III (2016). Growth temperature impact on leaf form and function in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes from northern and southern Europe. Plant Cell and Environiment , 39(7), 1549-1558.
Stewart, J. J., Polutchko, S. K., Adams, W. W. III, & Demmig-Adams, B. (2017). Acclimation of Swedish and Italian ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana to light intensity. Photosynthesis Research , 134(2), 215-229.
Stitt, M., & Hurry, V. (2002). A plant for all seasons: alterations in photosynthetic carbon metabolism during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis.Current Opinion in Plant Biology , 5(3), 199-206.
Strand, Å., Hurry, V., Henkes, S., Huner, N., Gustafsson, P., Gardeström, P., & Stitt, M. (1999). Acclimation of Arabidopsisleaves developing at low temperatures. Increasing cytoplasmic volume accompanies increased activities of enzymes in the Calvin cycle and in the sucrose-biosynthesis pathway. Plant Physiology , 119(4), 1387-1397.
Strimbeck, G. R., Kjellsen, T. D., Schaberg, P. G., & Murakami, P. F. (2007). Cold in the common garden: comparative low-temperature tolerance of boreal and temperate conifers foliage. Trees, 21(5), 557-567.
Thalhammer, A., Hincha, D. K., & Zuther, E. (2014). Measuring freezing tolerance: electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll fluorescence assays.Plant Cold Acclimation: Methods and Protocols , 1166, 15-24.
Thomashow, M. F. (1999). PLANT COLD ACCLIMATION: freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50 , 571-599.
Untergasser, A., Cutcutache, I., Koressaar, T., Ye, J., Faircloth, B. C., Remm, M., & Rozen, S. G. (2012). Primer3-new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Research , 40(15), e115.
Wakao, S., Chin, B. L., Ledford, H. K., Dent, R. M., Casero, D., Pellegrini, M., . . . Niyogi, K. K. (2014). Phosphoprotein SAK1 is a regulator of acclimation to singlet oxygen in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . eLife , 3, e02286.
Yano, S., & Terashima, I. (2004). Developmental process of sun and shade leaves in Chenopodium album L. Plant Cell and Environment , 27(6), 781-793.
Zhao, C., Zhang, Z., Xie, S., Si, T., Li, Y., & Zhu, J. K. (2016). Mutational evidence for the critical role of CBF transcription factors in cold acclimation in Arabidopsis . Plant Physiology , 171(4), 2744-2759.
Zhen, Y., & Ungerer, M. C. (2008). Clinal variation in freezing tolerance among natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana .New Phytologist , 177(2), 419-427.
viii. Figure Legends:
Figure 1. (a) Photosynthetic capacity (i.e., maximal light- and CO2-saturated rate of oxygen evolution) per leaf area, (b) leaf dry mass per area, (c) level of chlorophyll a + bper leaf area, and (d) chlorophyll a/b ratio in leaves of IT (red columns) and SW (blue columns) plants that were grown in low light/warm temperature growth conditions (LLW), low light/cool temperature growth conditions (LLC), high light/warm temperature growth conditions (HLW), or high light/cool temperature growth conditions (HLC). Mean values ± standard deviations (n = 3 or 4); groups that share the same letters are not considered statistically different, and groups that do not share the same letters are considered statistically different based on one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey–Kramer HSD tests.
Figure 2. Relative transcript abundance of (a) CBF1 , (b)CBF2 , and (c) CBF3 in leaves of IT (red columns) and SW (blue columns) plants that were grown in LLW, LLC, HLW, or HLC. Values are presented relative to the expression level for each respective gene in the IT ecotype grown under LLW. Mean values ± standard deviations (n = 3); groups that share the same letters are not considered statistically different, and groups that do not share the same letters are considered statistically different based on one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey–Kramer HSD tests.
Figure 3. (a) Hierarchical clustering of the log2 expression data for 7,933 genes with an adjustedP- value below 0.01 in one of the pairwise comparisons for differential expression between ecotypes and growth conditions. The three biological replicates for each growth condition/ecotype set are shown as separate columns. (b-d) Log2 expression data for IT and SW in HLC relative to LLW for (b) the subset of genes involved in light reactions of photosynthesis that were downregulated in IT under HLC, (c) the subset of genes involved in cyclic electron flow around PSI, Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, and chlorophyll biogenesis that were found to be induced in SW under HLC, and (d) CBF-regulated genes.
Figure 4. Reduction state of the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II, QA, quantified by chlorophyll fluorescence using the equation 1 − qL, for IT (red circles) and SW (blue squares) in (a) LLW and (b) HLC. Mean values ± standard deviations (n = 3); statistically significant differences between ecotypes based on Student’s t -tests are indicated with asterisks (* = P  < 0.05, ** =P  < 0.01, *** = P  < 0.001);n.s . = not significantly different.
Figure 5. Cellular electrolyte leakage following exposures to freezing temperatures of IT (red circles), it:cbf123 (light red circles), SW (blue squares), sw:cbf2 (lighter blue squares), and sw:cbf123 (lightest blue squares) in (a) LLW or (b) HLC, as well as (c) images of leaves following exposures to freezing temperatures with false colors based on photosystem II photochemical efficiency (as Fv/Fm) for HLC plants. For (a) and (b), mean values ± standard deviations (n = 3).
Figure 6. Transcript abundance for (a) CIPK25, (b)COR78, (c) LTI30, (d) COR15a, and (e) GolS3in leaves of IT (red columns), it:cbf123 (light red columns), SW (blue columns), sw:cbf2 (lighter blue columns), and sw:cbf123 (lightest blue columns) plants that were grown in the LLW or HLC conditions. All values are normalized based on the expression levels of IT in LLW. Mean values ± standard deviations (n = 3); groups that share the same letters are not considered statistically different, and groups that do not share the same letters are considered statistically different based on one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey–Kramer HSD tests.
Figure 7. (a) Photosynthetic capacity (i.e., light- and CO2-saturated rate of oxygen evolution) per leaf area, (b) leaf dry mass per area, (c) level of chlorophyll a + bper leaf area, and (d) chlorophyll a/b ratio in leaves of IT (red columns), it:cbf123 (light red columns), SW (blue columns), sw:cbf2 (lighter blue columns), and sw:cbf123 (lightest blue columns) plants that were grown in LLW or HLC. Mean values ± standard deviations (n = 3 to 5); Groups that share the same letters are not considered statistically different, and groups that do not share the same letters are considered statistically different based on one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey–Kramer HSD tests.
Figure 8. (a) Leaf thickness of IT (red column), it:cbf123 (light red column), SW (blue column), sw:cbf2(lighter blue column), and sw:cbf123 (lightest blue column) plants that were grown in HLC, as well as representative images of leaf cross-sections for (b) IT, (c) it:cbf123 , (d) SW, and (e) sw:cbf123 . For (a), mean values ± standard deviations (n = 3); groups that share the same letters are not considered statistically different, and groups that do not share the same letters are considered statistically different based on one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey–Kramer HSD tests.
Figure 9. (a) Rosette diameter of IT (red column), it:cbf123 (light red column), SW (blue column), sw:cbf2(lighter blue column), and sw:cbf123 (lightest blue column) after 40 days of growth in HLC, as well as images of representative (b) IT, (c) it:cbf123 , (d) SW, and (e) sw:cbf123 plants. For (a), mean values ± standard deviations (n = 5); groups that share the same letters are not considered statistically different, and groups that do not share the same letters are considered statistically different based on one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey–Kramer HSD tests.
Figure 10. Relative transcript abundance for (a) SUS1,(b) EGR2, (c) RCI2A, (d) AT5G44565, (e)AT1G13930 , and (f) LCR69 in leaves of IT (red columns), it:cbf123 (light red columns), SW (blue columns), and sw:cbf123 (light blue columns) plants grown in LLW or HLC. All values are normalized based on the expression levels of IT in LLW. Mean values ± standard deviations (n = 3); groups that share the same letters are not considered statistically different, and groups that do not share the same letters are considered statistically different based on one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey–Kramer HSD tests.