References:
1. Reindollar RH, Novak M, Tho SPT, McDonough PG. Adult-onset
amenorrhea: A study of 262 patients. American Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology. 1986 Sep;155(3):531–41.
2. Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertility and Sterility. 2006
Nov;86(5):S148–55.
3. Maconochie N, Doyle P, Prior S, Simmons R. Risk factors for first
trimester miscarriage-results from a UK-population-based case-control
study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2007 Feb;114(2):170–86.
4. Han Z, Mulla S, Beyene J, Liao G, McDonald SD. Maternal underweight
and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: a systematic review
and meta-analyses. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2010 Nov
20;40(1):65–101.
5. Taskin O, Gokdeniz R, Muderrisoglu H, Korkmaz M, Uryan, I, Atmaca R
et al. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on echocardiographic
basic cardiac functions in postmenopausal women. Human Reproduction.
1998 Sep 1;13(9): 2399-2401.
6. Losordo DW, Kearney M, Kim EA, Jekanowski J, Isner JM. Variable
expression of the estrogen receptor in normal and atherosclerotic
coronary arteries of premenopausal women. Circulation. 1994 Apr
1;89(4):1501–10.
7. Hodgin JB, Krege JH, Reddick RL, Korach KS, Smithies O, Maeda N.
Estrogen receptor α is a major mediator of 17β-estradiol’s
atheroprotective effects on lesion size in Apoe–/– mice. J Clin
Invest. American Society for Clinical Investigation; 2001 Feb
1;107(3):333–40.
8. Perkins R, Hall J, Martin K. Aetiology, previous menstrual function
and patterns of neuro-endocrine disturbance as prognostic indicators in
hypothalamic amenorrhoea. Human Reproduction. 2001;16(10): 2198-2205.
9. Gordon C, Ackerman K, Berga S, Kaplan J, Mastorakos G, Misra M.Murad,
et al. Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: An Endocrine Society Clinical
Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
2017;102(5):1413-1439.
10. Dumitrescu R, Mehedintu C, Briceag I, Purcarea VL, Hudita D. The
polycystic ovary syndrome: an update on metabolic and hormonal
mechanisms. Journal of Medicine and Life. Carol Davila - University
Press; 2015 Apr;8(2):142–5.
11. Sum M, Warren MP. Hypothalamic amenorrhea in young women with
underlying polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility. Elsevier;
2009 Dec 1;92(6):2106–8.
12. Robin G, Gallo C, Catteau-Jonard S, Lefebvre-Maunoury C Pigny P,
Duhamel A et al. Polycystic Ovary-Like Abnormalities (PCO-L) in Women
with Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea. The Journal of Clinical
Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2012;97(11): 4236-4243.
13. Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, Hoeger KM, Murad MH, Pasquali R,
et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An
Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical
Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013 Dec;98(12):4565–92.
14. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health
risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility,
2004;81(1):19-25.
15. Office IL. International standard classification of occupations:
ISCO-88. 1990. [Internet]. Available from:
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_172572.pdf
16. Aubuchon M, Liu Y, Petroski GF, Thomas TR, Polotsky AJ. The impact
of supervised weight loss and intentional weight regain on sex hormone
binding globulin and testosterone in premenopausal women. Systems
Biology in Reproductive Medicine. Taylor & Francis; 2016 May
18;62(4):283–9.
17. Bradbury R, Lee P, Smith H. Elevated anti-Mullerian hormone in lean
women may not indicate polycystic ovarian syndrome. Australian and New
Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2017;57(5): 552-557.
18. Stepto N, Cassar S, Joham A, Hutchison S, Harrison C, Goldstein R,
et al. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have intrinsic insulin
resistance on euglycaemic-hyperinsulaemic clamp. Human Reproduction.
2013;28(3): 777-784.
19. McEwen BS. Allostasis and Allostatic Load: Implications for
Neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacol. Nature Publishing Group;
2000 Feb 1;22(2):108–24.
20. Wilmore JH, Brown CH, Davis JA. Body physique and composition of the
female distance runner. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1977 Oct 1;301(1):764–76.
21. Loucks AB. Low Energy Availability in the Marathon and Other
Endurance Sports. Sports Med. Springer International Publishing; 2007
Apr 1;37(4):348–52.
22. Bachmann GA, Kemmann E. Prevalence of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea
in a college population. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Mosby; 1982 Sep;144(1):98–102.
23. Andrico S, Gambera A, Specchia C, Pellegrini C, Falsetti L, Sartori
E. Leptin in functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea. Human Reproduction.
2002;17(8):2043-2048.
24. Andrisani A, Sabbadin C, Minardi S, Favaro A, Donà G, Bordin L, et
al. Persistent amenorrhea and decreased DHEAS to cortisol ratio after
recovery from anorexia nervosa. Gynecological Endocrinology. 4 ed.
Taylor & Francis; 2016 Dec 2;33(4):311–4.
25. Biller BM, Coughlin JF, Saxe V, Schoenfeld D, Spratt DI, Klibanski
A. Osteopenia in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea: a prospective
study. Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Dec;78(6):996-1001.
26. Pollock N, Grogan C, Perry M, Pedlar C, Cooke K, Morrissey D, et al.
Bone-mineral density and other features of the female athlete triad in
elite endurance runners: a longitudinal and cross-sectional
observational study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Human Kinetics, Inc;
2010 Oct;20(5):418–26.
27. Warren MP, Voussoughian F, Geer EB, Hyle EP, Adberg CL, Ramos RH.
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: hypoleptinemia and disordered
eating. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1999
Mar;84(3):873–7.
28. Colombo O, Pinelli G, Comelli M, Marchetti P, Sieri S, Brighenti F,
et al. Dietary intakes in infertile women a pilot study. Nutr J. BioMed
Central; 2009 Nov 10;8(1):53–9.
29. Rodino IS, Byrne SM, Sanders KA. Eating disorders in the context of
preconception care: fertility specialists’ knowledge, attitudes, and
clinical practices. Fertility and Sterility. 2017 Feb;107(2):494–501.
30. Stewart DE, Raskin J, Garfinkel PE, MacDonald OL, Robinson GE.
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology. 1987 Nov;157(5):1194–8.
31. Freizinger M, Franko DL, Dacey M, Okun B, Domar AD. The prevalence
of eating disorders in infertile women. Fertility and Sterility. 2010
Jan;93(1):72–8.
32. Wang JG, Lobo RA. The complex relationship between hypothalamic
amenorrhea and polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical
Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2008 Apr;93(4):1394–7.
33. Gordon CM. Clinical practice. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N
Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 22;363(4):365–71.
34. Berga SL, Mortola JF, Girton L, Suh B, Laughlin G, Pham P, et al.
Neuroendocrine aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic
amenorrhea. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1989
Feb;68(2):301–8.
35. Laughlin GA, Dominguez CE, Yen SS. Nutritional and
endocrine-metabolic aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic
amenorrhea. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1998
Jan;83(1):25–32.
36. Dickey RP, Holtkamp DE. Development, pharmacology and clinical
experience with clomiphene citrate. Hum Reprod Update. 1996
Nov;2(6):483–506.
37. Messinis IE. Ovulation induction: a mini review. Hum Reprod. 2005
Oct;20(10):2688–97.
38. Smith V, Osianlis T, Vollenhoven B. Prevention of Ovarian
Hyperstimulation Syndrome: A Review. Obstet Gynecol Int. Hindawi;
2015;2015(2):514159–10.
Table 1. Comparing clinical and biochemical features of women
with FHA versus PCOS . Abbreviations: LH, luteinising hormone; FSH,
follicle-stimulating hormone; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; T4,
thyroxine. * denotes where differences between FHA and PCOS groups were
statistically significant at p < 0.05.