Invasive Hemodynamics
Hemodynamic variables, including right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure/mean, and PCWP were obtained from the right heart catheterization or PA catheter data at the time of diagnosis of CS. The hemodynamic tracings were obtained and recorded at end-expiration [8]. Cardiac index was measure using the indirect Fick method (with an assumed O2 consumption of 125 mL/min/m2 BSA).