Peripheral muscle strength
For upper and lower limb muscle strength, handgrip strength was measured
using a hand dynamometer (Jamar hydraulic, Lafayette, IN, USA), and
quadriceps strength were measured using a load cell (EMG System, SP,
Brazil). In both assessments, the dominant limbs were used, and all
adolescents were asked to sustain maximum force for 5 seconds with
maximal verbal encouragement during the test. A minimum of three and a
maximum of five trials were performed for each test. The interval
between measurements was approximately 1 min, and the best value from
three acceptable trials presenting a variation <10% were
considered. The isometric force is expressed in kilogram-force (kgf) and
the percentage of the predicted values. The predicted values were
obtained from a Brazil population and stratified by sex, age, and weight
(15).