Health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
HRQoL was assessed using the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ), which includes three domains: activity limitations, symptoms, and emotional function (14). The PAQLQ consists of 23 items rated on a 7-point scale (from 1 to 7), and a higher score indicates a better quality of life (14).